Magnitude of visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection and association with social determinants of health in the Northeast region of Brazil: a retrospective, spatiotemporal model (2010-2018).

The Northeast region of Brazil (NRB) includes the states with the highest prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), as well as those with significant increases in HIV cases. This study aims to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of VL-HIV coinfection and its association with the social determinants of health (SDH) in the NRB. Time trend analysis and Bayesian spatial statistical inferences, Moran's autocorrelation, and retrospective space-time scanning were performed. Spatial regression modelling was used to build an explanatory model for the occurrence of VL-HIV coinfection within NRB. A total of 1550 cases of VL-HIV coinfection were confirmed. We observed a higher prevalence among males (1232; 83%), individuals aged from 20 to 59 years (850; 54.8%), non-white skin color (1,422; 91.7%), and with low education (550; 35.48%). NRB showed an increasing and significant trend in the detection rate of coinfection (APC, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 9.4). The states of Maranhão and Piauí comprised the high-risk cluster. The SDH that most correlated with the occurrence of coinfection were poor housing, low income, and low education. VL-HIV is dispersed in the NRB but chiefly affects states with greater social vulnerability. Taken together, these findings reinforce the necessity to implement surveillance strategies that will contribute to the reduction of cases in these populations.

Spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic North-eastern region of Brazil.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease with increasing incidence in Brazil, particularly in the North-eastern. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial and spatiotemporal dynamics of VL in an endemic region of North-eastern Brazil, between 2009 and 2017. Using spatial analysis techniques, an ecological and time series study was made regarding VL cases in Sergipe filed as notifiable disease events. With data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE), a digital population and cartographic baseline was established. Segmented linear regression was used to examine the temporal trends. The statistical analysis methods of Global and Local Moran' I, local Bayesian empirical methodology and spatial-temporal scanning were used to produce thematic maps. High instances were found among adults, males, urban residents, non-Whites and persons with low levels of education. A decrease in the recovery rate and an increase in the proportion of urban cases and lethality was found. A heterogeneous VL distribution with spatiotemporal agglomeration on the seaside of the state was seen in Sergipe. To better manage the disease, new research is encouraged together with development of public health strategies. Further, improving health care networks, especially primary care, is suggested as this approach has a key role in health promotion, prevention and monitoring of the most prevalent diseases.

Morfometria do osso esterno e sua correlação com o volume pulmonar / Sternum bone morphology and its correlation with lung volume

Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático que a partir da extensão do osso esterno fornecesse o tamanho do pulmão compatível para o receptor. Foram coletadas as medidas antropométricas do tórax de 250 indivíduos, através de exame de tomografia computadorizada. Os resultados apontam que a medida do osso esterno (distância da incisura jugular até processo xifóide) apresenta correlação positiva com todas as outras medidas do tórax (medida ântero-posterior e látero-medial entre II e III costela, e ápice à base de ambos os pulmões). Entretanto, o volume pulmonar e sua relação com o osso esterno apresentam discrepâncias quando analisados sob a correlação de Pearson, pois a relação entre a medida da incisura jugular ao processo xifóide e a medida do ápice à base do pulmão direito e esquerdo, apresenta correlação positiva média (0,31-0,6). Já a medida da incisura jugular ao processo xifóide com a medida ântero-posterior e látero-medial do tórax, apresenta correlação significativa baixa (0-0,3). Então, a análise estatística da correlação de Pearson demonstrou ser inviável o desenvolvimento da fórmula, pois esta não seria confiável já que funcionaria para cerca de apenas 39% dos pacientes. Assim, o melhor método para determinar o doador para o transplante, continua sendo a análise de fatores de risco, a capacidade vital forçada do doador e receptor com estatura maior do que a do doador.

This study aimed at developing a mathematical model that can provide the compatible lung size for the recipient from the length of the sternum bone. Anthropometric chest measurements of 250 individuals were collected through a CT scan. The results indicate that the measurement of the sternum bone (distance from the jugular notch to the xiphoid process) shows a positive correlation with all other thorax measurements (antero-posterior and medial-posterior measurement between ribs II and III, and apex-to-base on both lungs). However, lung volume and its correlation to the sternal bone present discrepancies when analyzed under Pearson's correlation, since the relation between the jugular notch measurement and the apex measurement at the base of the right and left lungs shows a positive correlation mean (0.31-0.6). The measurement of the jugular notch in the xiphoid process with the anterior-posterior and medial-medial measurements, presents a low significant correlation (0-0.3). Therefore, the statistical analysis of the Pearson's correlation showed that the formula could not be applied since it would not be reliable since it would work for only 39% of the patients. Thus, the best method to determine the donor for transplantation remains the analysis of risk factors, the forced vital capacity of the donor, and the recipient being taller than the donor.