Maternal malnutrition associated with postnatal sugar consumption increases inflammatory response and prostate disorders in rat offspring.

Maternal malnutrition can alter developmental biology, programming health and disease in offspring. The increase in sugar consumption during the peripubertal period, a worldwide concern, also affects health through adulthood. Studies have shown that maternal exposure to a low protein diet (LPD) is associated with an increase in prostate disease with aging. However, the combined effects of maternal LPD and early postnatal sugar consumption on offspring prostate disorders were not investigated. The effects on aging were evaluated using a maternal gestational model with lactational LPD (6% protein) and sugar consumption (10%) from postnatal day (PND) 21-90, associating the consequences on ventral prostate (VP) rats morphophysiology on PND540. An increase was shown in mast cells and in the VP of the CTR + SUG and Gestational and Lactational Low Protein (GLLP) groups. In GLLP + SUG, a significant increase was shown in TGF-ß1 expression in both the systemic and intra-prostatic forms, and SMAD2/3p had increased. The study identified maternal LPD and sugar consumption as risk factors for prostatic homeostasis in senility, activating the TGFß1-SMAD2/3 pathway, a signaling pathway with potential markers for prostatic disorders.

miR-18a-5p Is Involved in the Developmental Origin of Prostate Cancer in Maternally Malnourished Offspring Rats: A DOHaD Approach.

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept correlates early life exposure to stressor conditions with the increased incidence of non-communicable chronic diseases, including prostate cancer (PCa), throughout the life span. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this process remain poorly understood. In this study, the deregulation of two miRNAs (rno-miR-18a-5p and rno-miR-345-3p) was described in the ventral prostate VP of old rats born to dams fed with a low protein diet (LPD) (6% protein in the diet) during gestational and lactational periods. Integrative analysis of the (VP) transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed changes in the expression profile of 14 identified predicted targets of these two DE miRNAs, which enriched terms related to post-translational protein modification, metabolism of proteins, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, the calnexin/calreticulin cycle, metabolic pathways, N-glycan trimming in the ER and the calnexin/calreticulin cycle, hedgehog ligand biogenesis, the ER-phagosome pathway, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, antigenprocessing-cross presentation, RAB geranylgeranylation, collagen formation, glutathione metabolism, the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and platinum drug resistance. RT-qPCR validated the deregulation of the miR-18a-5p/P4HB (prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta) network in the VP of older offspring as well as in the PNT-2 cells transfected with mimic miR-18a-5p. Functional in vitro studies revealed a potential modulation of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) by miR-18a-5p in PNT-2 cells, which was also confirmed in the VP of older offspring. An imbalance of the testosterone/estrogen ratio was also observed in the offspring rats born to dams fed with an LPD. In conclusion, deregulation of the miR-18a-5p/P4HB network can contribute to the developmental origins of prostate cancer in maternally malnourished offspring, highlighting the need for improving maternal healthcare during critical windows of vulnerability early in life.

Melatonin Reverses the Warburg-Type Metabolism and Reduces Mitochondrial Membrane Potential of Ovarian Cancer Cells Independent of MT1 Receptor Activation.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, and melatonin has shown various antitumor properties. Herein, we investigated the influence of melatonin therapy on energy metabolism and mitochondrial integrity in SKOV-3 cells and tested whether its effects depended on MT1 receptor activation. SKOV-3 cells were exposed to different melatonin concentrations, and experimental groups were divided as to the presence of MT1 receptors (melatonin groups) or receptor absence by RNAi silencing (siRNA MT1+melatonin). Intracellular melatonin levels increased after treatment with melatonin independent of the MT1. The mitochondrial membrane potential of SKOV-3 cells decreased in the group treated with the highest melatonin concentration. Melatonin reduced cellular glucose consumption, while MT1 knockdown increased its consumption. Interconversion of lactate to pyruvate increased after treatment with melatonin and was remarkable in siRNA MT1 groups. Moreover, lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased with melatonin and increased after MT1 silencing at all concentrations. The UCSC XenaBrowser tool showed a positive correlation between the human ASMTL gene and the ATP synthase genes, succinate dehydrogenase gene (SDHD), and pyruvate dehydrogenase genes (PDHA and PDHB). We conclude that melatonin changes the glycolytic phenotype and mitochondrial integrity of SKOV-3 cells independent of the MT1 receptor, thus decreasing the survival advantage of OC cells.

Bisphenol A and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin at non-cytotoxic doses alter the differentiation potential and cell function of rat adipose-stem cells.

The possibility of chemical contamination is an important issue to consider when designing a cell therapy strategy. Both bisphenol A (BPA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are among the most environmentally relevant endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs, compounds with a high affinity for adipose tissue) recently studied. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from adipose tissue widely used in regenerative medicine to prevent and treat diseases in several tissues and organs. Although the experimental use of tissue-engineered constructs requires careful analysis for approval and implantation, there has been a recent increase in the number of approved clinical trials for this promising strategy. This study aimed to evaluate cell viability, apoptosis, DNA damage, and the adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation potential of rat adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) exposed to previously established non-cytotoxic doses of BPA and TCDD in vitro. Results demonstrated that 10 µM of BPA and 10 nM of TCDD were able to significantly reduce cell viability, while all exposure levels resulted in DNA damage, although did not increase the apoptosis rate. According to the analysis of adipogenic differentiation, 1 µM of BPA induced the significant formation of oil droplets, suggesting an increased adipocyte differentiation, while both 10 µM of BPA and 10 nM of TCDD decreased adipocyte differentiation. Osteogenic differentiation did not differ among the treatments. As such, BPA and TCDD in the concentrations tested can modify important processes in rASCs such as cell viability, adipogenic differentiation, and DNA damage. Together, these findings prove that EDCs play an important role as contaminants, putatively interfering in cell differentiation and thus impairing the therapeutic use of ASCs.

THE ROUND LIGAMENT IN DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLASIA: ARE ITS MECHANICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL PROPERTIES PRESERVED?

Introduction: During open surgical dislocated hip reduction, several anatomical structures, such as the round ligament, are approached. However, there is controversy over both the possibility of preserving the ligament and its functional importance. Materials and Methods: This experimental study used skeletally immature rabbits as a model for congenital hip dislocation. Thirty-six rabbits comprised the sample that was submitted to the round ligament analysis. The sample was stratified for analysis (biomechanics, zymography, histology, and immunohistochemistry). Statistical analysis compared the unstable side to the control side of each rabbit. Results: Biomechanical assays showed that the mean maximal strength of the round ligament on the unstable side was similar to that of the control side (p = 0.594), which was also the case with maximum deformation (p = 0.328). Histologically, there was a statistically significant increase in cellularity on the unstable side (p <0.001). Additionally, there was significantly greater collagen occupancy on the control side (p <0.001). Zymography revealed no significant difference in the amount of active metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) (p = 0.068). Conclusions: Although histological analysis found evidence of significant changes in the RL in unstable hips, there were no significant differences in zymography, and no changes were observed in biomechanical tests. Evidence Level V; Experimental study.

Introdução: Durante a redução cirúrgica aberta de luxação de quadril, várias estruturas anatômicas são abordadas, entre elas, o ligamento redondo. No entanto, há controvérsias quanto à possibilidade de preservação desse ligamento, bem como sua importância funcional. Materiais e Métodos: Este estudo experimental usou coelhos esqueleticamente imaturos como modelo de luxação congênita do quadril. Trinta e seis coelhos compuseram a amostra que foi submetida à análise do ligamento redondo. A amostra foi estratificada para análise (biomecânica, zimografia, histologia e imuno-histoquímica). A análise estatística comparou o lado instável com o lado controle de cada coelho. Resultados: Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que a força máxima média do ligamento redondo no lado instável era semelhante ao lado controle (p = 0,594), o que também ocorreu com a deformação máxima (p = 0,328). Em termos histológicos, houve um aumento estatisticamente significante da celularidade no lado instável (p < 0,001). Além disso, houve maior ocupação de colágeno no lado controle (p < 0,001). A zimografia não mostrou diferença significativa da quantidade de metaloproteinase 2 ativa (MMP-2) (p = 0,068). Conclusões: Embora a análise histológica tenha encontrado evidências de alterações significativas do LR nos quadris instáveis, não houve diferenças significativas na zimografia e não foram observadas alterações nos testes biomecânicos. Nível de evidência V; Estudo experimental.

The round ligament in developmental hip dysplasia: are its mechanical and histological properties preserved? / O ligamento redondo na displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril: suas propriedades mecânicas e histológicas são preservadas?

ABSTRACT Introduction During open surgical dislocated hip reduction, several anatomical structures, such as the round ligament, are approached. However, there is controversy over both the possibility of preserving the ligament and its functional importance. Materials and Methods This experimental study used skeletally immature rabbits as a model for congenital hip dislocation. Thirty-six rabbits comprised the sample that was submitted to the round ligament analysis. The sample was stratified for analysis (biomechanics, zymography, histology, and immunohistochemistry). Statistical analysis compared the unstable side to the control side of each rabbit. Results Biomechanical assays showed that the mean maximal strength of the round ligament on the unstable side was similar to that of the control side (p = 0.594), which was also the case with maximum deformation (p = 0.328). Histologically, there was a statistically significant increase in cellularity on the unstable side (p <0.001). Additionally, there was significantly greater collagen occupancy on the control side (p <0.001). Zymography revealed no significant difference in the amount of active metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) (p = 0.068). Conclusions Although histological analysis found evidence of significant changes in the RL in unstable hips, there were no significant differences in zymography, and no changes were observed in biomechanical tests. Evidence Level V; Experimental study.

RESUMO Introdução Durante a redução cirúrgica aberta de luxação de quadril, várias estruturas anatômicas são abordadas, entre elas, o ligamento redondo. No entanto, há controvérsias quanto à possibilidade de preservação desse ligamento, bem como sua importância funcional. Materiais e Métodos Este estudo experimental usou coelhos esqueleticamente imaturos como modelo de luxação congênita do quadril. Trinta e seis coelhos compuseram a amostra que foi submetida à análise do ligamento redondo. A amostra foi estratificada para análise (biomecânica, zimografia, histologia e imuno-histoquímica). A análise estatística comparou o lado instável com o lado controle de cada coelho. Resultados Os ensaios biomecânicos mostraram que a força máxima média do ligamento redondo no lado instável era semelhante ao lado controle (p = 0,594), o que também ocorreu com a deformação máxima (p = 0,328). Em termos histológicos, houve um aumento estatisticamente significante da celularidade no lado instável (p < 0,001). Além disso, houve maior ocupação de colágeno no lado controle (p < 0,001). A zimografia não mostrou diferença significativa da quantidade de metaloproteinase 2 ativa (MMP-2) (p = 0,068). Conclusões Embora a análise histológica tenha encontrado evidências de alterações significativas do LR nos quadris instáveis, não houve diferenças significativas na zimografia e não foram observadas alterações nos testes biomecânicos. Nível de evidência V; Estudo experimental.

Exposure to Bacteriophages T4 and M13 Increases Integrin Gene Expression and Impairs Migration of Human PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells.

The interaction between bacteriophages and integrins has been reported in different cancer cell lines, and efforts have been undertaken to understand these interactions in tumor cells along with their possible role in gene alterations, with the aim to develop new cancer therapies. Here, we report that the non-specific interaction of T4 and M13 bacteriophages with human PC-3 cells results in differential migration and varied expression of different integrins. PC-3 tumor cells (at 70% confluence) were exposed to 1 × 107 pfu/mL of either lytic T4 bacteriophage or filamentous M13 bacteriophage. After 24 h of exposure, cells were processed for a histochemical analysis, wound-healing migration assay, and gene expression profile using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). qPCR was performed to analyze the expression profiles of integrins ITGAV, ITGA5, ITGB1, ITGB3, and ITGB5. Our findings revealed that PC-3 cells interacted with T4 and M13 bacteriophages, with significant upregulation of ITGAV, ITGA5, ITGB3, ITGB5 genes after phage exposure. PC-3 cells also exhibited reduced migration activity when exposed to either T4 or M13 phages. These results suggest that wildtype bacteriophages interact non-specifically with PC-3 cells, thereby modulating the expression of integrin genes and affecting cell migration. Therefore, bacteriophages have future potential applications in anticancer therapies.

Identification of potential molecular pathways involved in prostate carcinogenesis in offspring exposed to maternal malnutrition.

The developmental origins of health and disease concept links adult diseases with early-life exposure to inappropriate environmental conditions. Intrauterine and postnatal malnutrition may lead to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Maternal malnutrition (MM) has also been associated with prostate carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with this condition remain poorly understood. Using a proteomic analysis, we demonstrated that MM changed the levels of proteins associated with growth factors, estrogen signaling, detoxification, and energy metabolism in the prostate of both young and old rats. These animals also showed increased levels of molecular markers of endoplasmic reticulum function and histones. We further performed an in silico analysis that identified commonly deregulated proteins in the ventral prostate of old rats submitted to MM with a mouse model and patients with prostate cancer. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that estrogenic signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum functions, energy metabolism, and molecular sensors of protein folding and Ca2+ homeostasis, besides histone, and RAS-GTPase family appear to be involved in this process. Knowledge of these factors may raise discussions regarding the role of maternal dietary intervention as a public policy for the lifelong prevention of chronic diseases.

Hyperglycemic condition during puberty increases collagen fibers deposition in the prostatic stroma and reduces MMP-2 activity.

Puberty is an important period for the growth and maturation of the male reproductive system, and is also a critical window for endocrine or environmental interference. The physiological levels of circulating insulin and hyperglycemic control are important factors for a normal prostate growth. Hyperglycemia during puberty is reported to retard the growth of the prostate gland, with remarkable effects on the epithelial compartment. Here, we investigated the impact of hyperglycemia along with a simultaneous or late insulin replacement on the ventral prostate growth in rats during puberty, paying special attention to the deposition of collagen fibers and activities of gelatinase, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and -9 (MMP-9). Hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) administration in 40-day-old male Wistar rats. A subset of hyperglycemic rats underwent an early insulin replacement (three days after the STZ administration), and another subset underwent a late insulin replacement (twenty days after the STZ administration). Animals were euthanized at 60 and/or 80 days of age. The ventral prostatic lobe was processed for picrosirius red staining, type I and III collagen immunohistochemistry, and gelatin zymography. Hyperglycemic animals showed an increased area of collagen fibers in the prostate, which was composed both types of collagens. MMP-2 activity was significantly reduced in the hyperglycemic animals, while MMP-9 activity was very low and showed no alteration. The simultaneous and late insulin administration restored collagen content and MMP-2 activity. In conclusion, puberty is a critical window for prostate maturation and type-1 diabetes-induced hyperglycemia affects the ratio of the prostatic parenchymal and stromal growth, leading to fibrotic tissues by also MMP-2 down regulation.