Differential Magnitude of Resilience between Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction in Mountain Sports Athletes.

The field of mountain sports has its own characteristics, different from other sports modalities. Emotional intelligence and resilience not only refer to the adaptive capacity that can be developed after an adverse experience, but can also be factors that positively affect sporting performance in extreme conditions. In this study, 4818 athletes from the Spanish Federation of Mountain Sports and Climbing participated; 2696 were men (67.1%) and 1322 were women (32.9%), with a mean age of 49.42 years (±11.9). The Resilience Scale (RS-14), Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-S) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were used. The aim was to provide evidence for the potential for resilience (personal competence and acceptance of self and life) among EI and life satisfaction in mountain and climbing athletes. The results showed that the coefficients of determination of personal competence [(Q2 = 0.286); (R2 = 0.578)], acceptance of self [(Q2 = 0.310); (R2 = 0.554)] and life satisfaction [(Q2 = 0.299); (R2 = 0.421)] for the estimation of the measurement model indicated a good model fit. In the future, it would be necessary to carry out specific studies discriminating by sport modality and methods for this area, with a large number of athletes and disciplines, as well as evaluating its possible applications for the improvement of emotional factors.

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem, Determinants of Greater Life Satisfaction in Mountain and Climbing Technicians and Athletes.

In recent decades, the exponential growth that sports practice in mountain and climbing disciplines have experienced has led to trying to find an explanation for the predisposition of those socio-emotional factors of these athletes that are considered in the search for sensations and the achievement of greater satisfaction with life. In this study, 4818 people with a sports license in the Spanish Federation of Mountain and Climbing Sports (FEDME) participated; 67.1% were men and 32.9% women. The mean age of the participants was 49.42 years (±11.9), between a range of 18 to 76 years. The following instruments were used: the Self-concept scale (AF5), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire and the Life satisfaction scale (SWLS). The objective of this research was to study the enhancing effect of self-esteem between self-concept (physical, emotional and social) and life satisfaction. A reflective model of structural equations (PLS-SEM) was applied based on the proposed theoretical framework from an explanatory-predictive perspective. The results show the self-esteem determination coefficients [(Q2 = 0.141); (R2 = 0.302)] and life satisfaction [(Q2 = 0.243); (R2 = 0.342)] in the estimation of the model, indicating an adequate fit. Mountaineering and climbing sports can be very rewarding, but they can also be challenging and frustrating. Having a good self-concept and good self-esteem allows the athlete to enjoy achieving greater life satisfaction.

El factor humano en los accidentes de esquí alpino y snowboard / Human factors in alpine skiing and snowboarding accidents

Introducción: Cientos de millones de personas practican deportes de invierno en todo el mundo. A la práctica de esquíalpino y snowboard se le asocia un posible riesgo de lesión. Existen al menos tres factores importantes que pueden afectar ala seguridad en las actividades del medio natural (factores ambientales, factores técnicos y factores humanos). El conocimientode los principales factores humanos nos permitiría reducir el riesgo en los deportes de invierno. Material y método: El objetivo de este estudio es el conocer, por medio de una encuesta personal auto-cumplimentadaexplicativa transversal, cómo y qué factores humanos intervienen en los accidentes de esquí alpino y snowboard. Resultados: Se realizaron 219 encuestas de un total 3911 pacientes atendidos en los distintos puntos de asistencia sanitaria.El mayor porcentaje de encuestados relacionaron su accidente con la distracción o el exceso de confianza, ambos en un 72,2%de los encuestados. Otros factores que fueron señalados por más del 50% de los encuestados fueron; la falta de conocimientos(un 60,4% de los encuestados), la falta de seguimiento de las normas (58,5%), la fatiga (57,5%), la falta de conciencia situacional(57%) y el estrés con (53,8%). Conclusiones: Identificados estos factores humanos más frecuentes durante actividades de esquí alpino y snowboard sepodrán realizar acciones para prevenir o contener el error humano.(AU)

Introduction: Hundreds of millions of people practice winter sports worldwide. Alpine skiing and snowboarding are associatedwith a possible risk of injury. There are at least three important factors that can affect safety in wilderness activities (environmentalfactors, technical factors and human factors). Awareness of human factors would allow us to reduce the risk in winter sports. Material and method: The objective of this study is to find out, through a self-explanatory cross-sectional personal survey,what and how human factors are involved in alpine skiing and snowboarding accidents. Results: 219 surveys were carried out of a total of 3,911 patients attended at the different health care points. The highestpercentage of respondents related their accident to distraction or complacency, both in 72.2% of the respondents. Otherfactors that were pointed out by more than 50% were; lack of knowledge (60.4%), lack of following the norms (58.5%), fatigue(57.5%), lack of situational awareness (57%) and stress with (53.8% of the respondents). Conclusions: By identifying these most frequent human factors during downhill skiing and snowboarding, actions can betaken to prevent or contain human error.(AU)