RESUMO
Background Athletes have a variety of obstacles that might shrink their chances of getting adequate rest, including competing and training times, travel, stress, academic responsibilities, and overtraining. Furthermore, athletes have been reported to have poor self-reports of their sleep length and quality. The study aims to assess the impact of yoga practice on sleep quality, stress, anxiety, psychological rigidity, and experience avoidance. Methods A pre- and post-test randomized design was applied for the research. Forty-four recreational athletes (age 18-45 years) were selected per the inclusion criteria from the athletes studying at Banaras Hindu University. Exclusion criteria are a likely severe psychiatric disorder, chronic illness, substance abuse, disability, endocrine or metabolic disorders, and history of using psychotropic drugs and smoking. The Yogic intervention contains the Pranayama and meditation, which was practiced for six weeks in the intervention group. Outcome variables were stress, sleep, anxiety, mindfulness, psychological rigidity, and experience avoidance. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Sport Competition Anxiety Test, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) were applied to measure the outcomes. Results The majority of the participants (30 (68%)) were male, and 44 (100%) had more than two years of sports experience. Of the participants, 18 (40.90%) had a habit of 3-5 hours of internet surfing. We noticed that there was a significant mean difference from pre- to post-intervention in terms of stress, sleep, anxiety, mindfulness, psychological rigidity, and experience avoidance (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The results concluded positive effects of yoga on athletes' stress, sleep, anxiety, mindfulness, psychological rigidity, and experience avoidance in athletes. Stress alleviation and reduced anxiety are the strongest predictors of improving psychological flexibility skills in athletes' daily lives. Improving mindfulness and supporting good sleep patterns could be good indicators of improving psychological rigidity and experience avoidance.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis planned to assess the impact of yoga and mindfulness practice in reducing stress and anxiety to improve athletes' sports performance. METHODS: Several databases were electronically searched for eligible articles till September 2022. Participants aged 18-45 yrs, male and female, and recreational athletes from different sports were included. Athletes' stress, competitive anxiety, and sports performance were measured. The mean difference or standardized mean difference with a 95% confidence interval was calculated in RevMan software 5.4. The fixed effect model was applied to test the statistical significance difference and heterogeneity (p < 0.05). The GRADE pro evidence was also created to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS: Results were analyzed with pooled data from fifteen articles. Forest plots showed an overall significant effect of yoga and mindfulness on Mindfulness [Z = 4.13 (p < 0.0001)] [(I2 = 48%), MD -2.6, (95% CI, -3.85, -1.37)] and flow state [Z = 9.49 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 85%), SMD 3.13, (95% CI, 2.48, 3.77)]. The insignificant effects were noted on attention and awareness [Z = 1.51 (p = 0.13)] [(I2 = 25%), SMD -0.26, (95% CI, -0.60, 0.80)], and action and acceptance [Z = 0.43 (p = 0.67)] [(I2 = 0%), MD 0.20, (95% CI, -0.69, 1.08)]. We also observed a significant effect for the comparison of stress [Z = 6.56 (p < 0.00001)] [(I2 = 76%), SMD -0.74, (95% CI, -0.97, 0.52)] and an insignificant effect for comparing anxiety [Z = 1.62 (p = 0.11)] [(I2 = 14%), SMD -0.31, (95% CI, -0.69, 0.07)]. CONCLUSION: The findings of this meta-analysis provides valuable insights to the beneficial or complementary effects of yoga and mindfulness on athletes' psychological health and sports performance.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable diseases. Yoga with physical postures, breathing exercises, meditation, and relaxation may play an essential role in the complementary management of lower respiratory diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of yoga (posture, breathing exercises, and meditation) on pulmonary function tests, asthma control tests, and health-related quality of adult asthmatic patients. METHODS: MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Clinical Key, and Academia electronic search engines were explored to search the relevant literature. The present study included adult asthmatic patients (age -18 and 60 years) with mild to moderate asthma, per GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines. The effect of yoga was assessed on the following outcomes; pulmonary function tests, including FeV1 (Forced expiratory volume 1 s), FVC (Forced vital capacity), FeV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), health-related quality of life, and asthma control test. A fixed-effect model was applied to compute significance for statistical heterogeneity. P-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. RESULTS: Finally, fifteen articles were included for meta-analysis. The forest plot for overall effect of yoga intervention and usual care favors the yoga intervention for improvement in pulmonary function as FeV1 (SMD = 0.96, CI = 0.77-1.14, I2 = 54%), FVC (SMD = 0.35, CI = 0.14-0.55, p = 0.11, I2 = 50%), Fev1/FVC (SMD = 0.18, CI = -0.38-0.02, p = 0.02, I2 = 50%), PEFR (SMD = 0.38, CI = 0.18-0.58, p = 0.0003, I2 = 0%), asthma control test (SMD = 0.16, CI = 0.15-0.48, p = 0.31, I2 = 86%) and health-related quality of life (SMD = 0.26, CI = 0.18-0.34, p = 0.02, I2 = 51%) of asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis provides a moderate level of evidence regarding yoga as a complementary therapy in managing mild to moderate asthmatic patients. It also adds to the current knowledge of the same.