Immunogenic gangliosides in human ovarian carcinoma.

Ganglioside signatures of four poorly and three moderately differentiated ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) cell lines reveal the presence of GM3, GM2, GD2, O-AcGD2, GD1a and GM1b. The expression of GM3, presence of GD1a and GM1b in the ascitic fluid and plasma, together with a positive correlation in the total-gangliosides levels between ascitic fluid and plasma of OEC patients support the earlier contention that the tumor-gangliosides may be released (or shed) into the tumor-microenvironment. The immunogenicity of OEC-gangliosides is determined by comparing anti-ganglioside-IgM titers in ascitic fluid (n = 14) and plasma (n = 23) of OEC-patients and age-matched healthy (n = 14). The titers were measured by ELISA. Strikingly, the level of anti-GD1a-IgM is significantly higher in ascitic fluid and plasma of patients than in the plasma of healthy volunteers. Paired sample analysis of ascitic fluid and plasma from the same patients confirmed the significant expression of anti-GD1a IgM in OEC patients, while no such difference was observed with other anti-ganglioside IgMs among different groups. The significance of the endogenous IgM response to GD1a may be to eliminate this immunosuppressive-ganglioside from the tumor-microenvironment.

Epicatechins Purified from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Differentially Suppress Growth of Gender-Dependent Human Cancer Cell Lines.

The anticancer potential of catechins derived from green tea is not well understood, in part because catechin-related growth suppression and/or apoptosis appears to vary with the type and stage of malignancy as well as with the type of catechin. This in vitro study examined the biological effects of epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), EC 3-gallate (ECG) and EGC 3-gallate (EGCG) in cell lines from human gender-specific cancers. Cell lines developed from organ-confined (HH870) and metastatic (DU145) prostate cancer, and from moderately (HH450) and poorly differentiated (HH639) epithelial ovarian cancer were grown with or without EC, EGC, ECG or EGCG. When untreated cells reached confluency, viability and doubling time were measured for treated and untreated cells. Whereas EC treatment reduced proliferation of HH639 cells by 50%, EGCG suppressed proliferation of all cell lines by 50%. ECG was even more potent: it inhibited DU145, HH870, HH450 and HH639 cells at concentrations of 24, 27, 29 and 30 microM, whereas EGCG inhibited DU145, HH870, HH450 and HH639 cells at concentrations 89, 45, 62 and 42 microM. When compared with EGCG, ECG more effectively suppresses the growth of prostate cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines derived from tumors of patients with different stages of disease.

Human antiganglioside autoantibodies: validation of ELISA.

Gangliosides have a hydrophilic sugar chain that contains antigenic determinants and a hydrophobic ceramide. In humans, gangliosides elicit a T-cell independent IgM response; antiganglioside IgM autoantibodies may be pentameric or polymeric. A correlation between specific neuropathies and antiganglioside autoantibodies has been confirmed. Although many neurologists attempt to lower titers of antiganglioside autoantibodies, oncologists are developing strategies to augment production of IgM antibodies that will remove immunosuppressive gangliosides from the circulation of patients and target gangliosides and kill tumor cells. Antiganglioside IgM antibodies can cause leakage of the blood-nerve barrier in a concentration-dependent and complement-independent manner, bind to neuronal gangliosides to create a neuromuscular block and serve as a marker of axonal damage in neuropathies such as multiple sclerosis. They are also a promising biomarker of early prostate cancer. There is a need to validate the protocol for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of antiganglioside IgM autoantibodies. This validation must consider the purity of gangliosides from different commercial sources, the coating of gangliosides onto a solid matrix in a manner that maximizes exposure of oligosaccharide epitopes to IgM paratopes, techniques to minimize background noise and eliminate nonspecific antibody binding, and carefully defined positive and negative controls. The validated protocol also must include a simple formula to estimate titers for several replicas. Finally, antibody titers must be converted to natural logs for statistical appraisal.