Autonomous B-cell receptor signaling and genetic aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia-phenotype monoclonal B lymphocytosis in siblings of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Clonal expansion of CD5-expressing B cells, commonly designated as monoclonal B lymphocytosis (MBL), is a precursor condition for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The mechanisms driving subclinical MBL B-cell expansion and progression to CLL, occurring in approximately 1% of affected individuals, are unknown. An autonomously signaling B-cell receptor (BCR) is essential for the pathogenesis of CLL. The objectives of this study were functional characterization of the BCR of MBL in siblings of CLL patients and a comparison of genetic variants in MBL-CLL sibling pairs. Screening of peripheral blood by flow cytometry detected 0.2-480 clonal CLL-phenotype cells per microliter (median: 37/µL) in 34 of 191 (17.8%) siblings of CLL patients. Clonal BCR isolated from highly purified CLL-phenotype cells induced robust calcium mobilization in BCR-deficient murine pre-B cells in the absence of external antigen and without experimental crosslinking. This autonomous BCR signal was less intense than the signal originating from the CLL BCR of their CLL siblings. According to genotyping by single nucleotide polymorphism array, whole exome, and targeted panel sequencing, CLL risk alleles were found with high and similar prevalence in CLL patients and MBL siblings, respectively. Likewise, the prevalence of recurrent CLL-associated genetic variants was similar between CLL and matched MBL samples. However, copy number variations and small variants were frequently subclonal in MBL cells, suggesting their acquisition during subclinical clonal expansion. These findings support a stepwise model of CLL pathogenesis, in which autonomous BCR signaling leads to a non-malignant (oligo)clonal expansion of CD5+ B cells, followed by malignant progression to CLL after acquisition of pathogenic genetic variants.

The role of machine learning in health policies during the COVID-19 pandemic and in long COVID management.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is arguably one of the most challenging health crises in modern times. The development of effective strategies to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were major goals for governments and policy makers. Mathematical modeling and machine learning emerged as potent tools to guide and optimize the different control measures. This review briefly summarizes the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolution during the first 3 years. It details the main public health challenges focusing on the contribution of mathematical modeling to design and guide government action plans and spread mitigation interventions of SARS-CoV-2. Next describes the application of machine learning methods in a series of study cases, including COVID-19 clinical diagnosis, the analysis of epidemiological variables, and drug discovery by protein engineering techniques. Lastly, it explores the use of machine learning tools for investigating long COVID, by identifying patterns and relationships of symptoms, predicting risk indicators, and enabling early evaluation of COVID-19 sequelae.

TGF-ß/SMAD Pathway Is Modulated by miR-26b-5p: Another Piece in the Puzzle of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Progression.

Clinical and molecular heterogeneity are hallmarks of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a neoplasm characterized by accumulation of mature and clonal long-lived CD5 + B-lymphocytes. Mutational status of the IgHV gene of leukemic clones is a powerful prognostic tool in CLL, and it is well established that unmutated CLLs (U-CLLs) have worse evolution than mutated cases. Nevertheless, progression and treatment requirement of patients can evolve independently from the mutational status. Microenvironment signaling or epigenetic changes partially explain this different behavior. Thus, we think that detailed characterization of the miRNAs landscape from patients with different clinical evolution could facilitate the understanding of this heterogeneity. Since miRNAs are key players in leukemia pathogenesis and evolution, we aim to better characterize different CLL behaviors by comparing the miRNome of clinically progressive U-CLLs vs. stable U-CLLs. Our data show up-regulation of miR-26b-5p, miR-106b-5p, and miR-142-5p in progressive cases and indicate a key role for miR-26b-5p during CLL progression. Specifically, up-regulation of miR-26b-5p in CLL cells blocks TGF-ß/SMAD pathway by down-modulation of SMAD-4, resulting in lower expression of p21-Cip1 kinase inhibitor and higher expression of c-Myc oncogene. This work describes a new molecular mechanism linking CLL progression with TGF-ß modulation and proposes an alternative strategy to explore in CLL therapy.

Integration of Mutational Signature Analysis with 3D Chromatin Data Unveils Differential AID-Related Mutagenesis in Indolent Lymphomas.

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is required for somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes, but also induces off-target mutations. Follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent types of indolent B-cell tumors, are exposed to AID activity during lymphomagenesis. We designed a workflow integrating de novo mutational signatures extraction and fitting of COSMIC (Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer) signatures, with tridimensional chromatin conformation data (Hi-C). We applied the workflow to exome sequencing data from lymphoma samples. In 33 FL and 30 CLL samples, 42% and 34% of the contextual mutations could be traced to a known AID motif. We demonstrate that both CLL and FL share mutational processes dominated by spontaneous deamination, failures in DNA repair, and AID activity. The processes had equiproportional distribution across active and nonactive chromatin compartments in CLL. In contrast, canonical AID activity and failures in DNA repair pathways in FL were significantly higher within the active chromatin compartment. Analysis of DNA repair genes revealed a higher prevalence of base excision repair gene mutations (p = 0.02) in FL than CLL. These data indicate that AID activity drives the genetic landscapes of FL and CLL. However, the final result of AID-induced mutagenesis differs between these lymphomas depending on chromatin compartmentalization and mutations in DNA repair pathways.

Mutation in a SARS-CoV-2 Haplotype from Sub-Antarctic Chile Reveals New Insights into the Spike's Dynamics.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, as observed with the D614G spike protein mutant and, more recently, with B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1) lineages, represent a continuous threat and might lead to strains of higher infectivity and/or virulence. We report on the occurrence of a SARS-CoV-2 haplotype with nine mutations including D614G/T307I double-mutation of the spike. This variant expanded and completely replaced previous lineages within a short period in the subantarctic Magallanes Region, southern Chile. The rapid lineage shift was accompanied by a significant increase of cases, resulting in one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. Comparative coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations indicated that T307I and D614G belong to a previously unrecognized dynamic domain, interfering with the mobility of the receptor binding domain of the spike. The T307I mutation showed a synergistic effect with the D614G. Continuous surveillance of new mutations and molecular analyses of such variations are important tools to understand the molecular mechanisms defining infectivity and virulence of current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains.

Tandem Substitutions in Somatic Hypermutation.

Upon antigen recognition, activation-induced cytosine deaminase initiates affinity maturation of the B-cell receptor by somatic hypermutation (SHM) through error-prone DNA repair pathways. SHM typically creates single nucleotide substitutions, but tandem substitutions may also occur. We investigated incidence and sequence context of tandem substitutions by massive parallel sequencing of V(D)J repertoires in healthy human donors. Mutation patterns were congruent with SHM-derived single nucleotide mutations, delineating initiation of the tandem substitution by AID. Tandem substitutions comprised 5,7% of AID-induced mutations. The majority of tandem substitutions represents single nucleotide juxtalocations of directly adjacent sequences. These observations were confirmed in an independent cohort of healthy donors. We propose a model where tandem substitutions are predominantly generated by translesion synthesis across an apyramidinic site that is typically created by UNG. During replication, apyrimidinic sites transiently adapt an extruded configuration, causing skipping of the extruded base. Consequent strand decontraction leads to the juxtalocation, after which exonucleases repair the apyramidinic site and any directly adjacent mismatched base pairs. The mismatch repair pathway appears to account for the remainder of tandem substitutions. Tandem substitutions may enhance affinity maturation and expedite the adaptive immune response by overcoming amino acid codon degeneracies or mutating two adjacent amino acid residues simultaneously.

Induction of root development and apical closure in permanent mandibular molar with irreversible pulpitis through total pulpotomy with application of mineral trioxide aggregate / Inducción del termino de desarrollo radicular y cierre apical en molar mandibular permanente con pulpitis irreversible a través de pulpotomía total con aplicación de agregado de trióxido mineral

Loss of teeth vitality when root formation is incomplete, results in weaker structures leaving them prone to fractures and unfavourable long-term prognosis. Apexogenesis is currently the treatment of choice in immature teeth and is indicated in vital teeth without pulpal pathologies. The treatment aims to eliminate the causal agent of the damage, and provide the necessary conditions to preserve vitality in the tooth and induce apical root closure. A 6-year-old male patient was treated at the Endodontics Clinic, Universidad de La Frontera upon complaining of acute pain in tooth 30. The tooth presented incomplete root development due to dental caries with pulp exposure and a diagnosis of irreversible symptomatic pulpitis. Total pulpotomy was performed with the application of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and controlled at 1, 4, 6, 7 and 12 months, achieving root development and apical closure in the permanent molar. The result was comparable with studies that support this therapy in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. This work seeks to contribute to the existing evidence on the management of immature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis to induce root development and apical closure, and maintain pulp vitality.

La pérdida de vitalidad en dientes con formación radicular incompleta trae como resultado el debilitamiento de estos, dejándolos propensos a fracturas con un desfavorable pronóstico a largo plazo. Las terapéuticas actuales de regeneración pulpar en dientes inmaduros estan principalmente indicadas en cuadros de pulpitis irreversible y buscan eliminar el agente causal de daño y brindarle al diente las condiciones y estímulos necesarios para preservar vitalidad e inducir el cierre apical radicular. Un paciente de 6 años de edad y de sexo masculino, acude a la Clínica de Especialidad de Endodoncia de la Universidad de la Frontera, consultando por un dolor agudo en diente 4.6 el cual presentaba un desarrollo radicular incompleto producto de una caries con exposición pulpar con diagnóstico de Pulpitis Irreversible Sintomática. Se realiza una pulpotomia total con aplicación de Mineral Trioxide Aggregate y se controla a los 1, 4, 6 y 7 meses obteniendo un interesante resultado comparable con estudios que avalan dicha terapeutica en dientes con pulpitis irreversible. Este trabajo busca contribuir a la evidencia existente sobre el manejo de dientes permanentes inmaduros con cuadros de pulpitis irreversible para inducir el desarrollo radicular, cierre apical y mantener vitalidad pulpar.

Relación entre Síntomas de Trastornos Témporomandibulares Auto-Reportados y el Movimiento Mandibular de Sujetos Adultos Jóvenes / Relationship Between Symptoms of Self-Reported Temporomandibular Disorders and Mandibular Movement of Young Adult Subjects

RESUMEN: Tanto la limitación del movimiento mandibular como el auto reporte de síntomas de trastornos témporomandibulares (TTM) son utilizados como elementos para el diagnóstico de pacientes en la clínica. Sin embargo, la relación entre la presencia de síntomas y el movimiento mandibular no está del todo clara. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la presencia de síntomas asociados a TTM con el movimiento mandibular en una muestra de sujetos adultos jóvenes y sanos. En este estudio exploratorio participaron 40 estudiantes de Odontología, médicamente sanos, con arco dentario maxilar y mandibular continuo y completo (hasta el primer molar). A cada uno se les solicitó responder un cuestionario de auto-reporte de síntomas asociados a TTM recomendado por la American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP). También se realizó un registro y análisis de sus movimientos mandibulares utilizando articulografía electromagnética 3D, con el objetivo de correlacionar la presencia de síntomas con el rango y trayectoria de apertura, y el área comprendida en lo que se describe como polígono de Posselt en el plano frontal y sagital. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las respuestas a cada pregunta entre hombres y mujeres. De acuerdo a las respuestas y según Delcanho (1994), 12 participantes resultaron necesitar una evaluación más exhaustiva. En este grupo se encontró que el área del polígono de Posselt en el plano frontal, fue significativamente menor que el de aquellos participantes que no requieren una evaluación más exhaustiva (p=0,003). Los valores de la trayectoria de apertura mandibular varían según de que síntoma se trate. Los principales síntomas que afectarían los valores de los movimientos bordeantes son la "dificultad para abrir la boca" y el "ruido en las articulaciones mandibulares". Con este estudio, hemos puesto de manifiesto que la limitación del movimiento mandibular como signo de TTM debe evaluarse con cautela, debido a que según la presencia de determinados síntomas y otras características de los sujetos (como el sexo), su valor podría variar.

ABSTRACT: Both the limitation of mandibular movement and the self-report of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are used for the diagnosis of patients in clinical diagnosis. However, the relationship between the symptoms and mandibular movement is not entirely clear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to relate the presence of symptoms associated with TMD with mandibular movement in a sample of young and healthy adult subjects. This exploratory study involved 40 medically healthy dentistry students with a continuous and complete maxillary and mandibular arch (up to the first molar). Each subject was asked to answer a self-report questionnaire for symptoms associated with TTM recommended by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP). We also recorded and analyzed their mandibular movements using 3D electromagnetic articulography, with the aim of correlating the presence of symptoms with the range and trajectory of opening, and the area included in what is described as a polygon of Posselt in the frontal and sagittal plane. No significant differences were found between the answers to each question between men and women. According to the responses and to Delcanho, 12 participants turned out to need a more exhaustive evaluation. In this group it was found that the area of the Posselt polygon in the frontal plane was significantly smaller than that of those participants who did not require a more extensive evaluation (p = 0.003). The values of the mandibular opening path vary depending on the symptom involved. The main symptoms that would affect the values of the bordering movements are the "difficulty to open the mouth" and "noise in the mandibular joints". With this study, we have shown that the limitation of mandibular movement as a sign of TMD should be assessed with caution, as, according to the presence of certain symptoms and other characteristics of subjects (such as sex), its value may vary.

Peripheral IgE Repertoires of Healthy Donors Carry Moderate Mutation Loads and Do Not Overlap With Other Isotypes.

IgE-mediated allergic disease represents an increasing health problem. Although numerous studies have investigated IgE sequences in allergic patients, little information is available on the healthy IgE repertoire. IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE transcripts from peripheral blood B cells of five healthy, non-atopic individuals were amplified by unbiased, template-switching, isotype-specific PCR. Complete VDJ regions were sequenced to near-exhaustion on the PacBio platform. Sequences were analyzed for clonal relationships, degree of somatic hypermutation, IGHV gene usage, evidence of antigenic selection, and N-linked glycosylation motifs. IgE repertoires appeared to be highly oligoclonal with preferential usage of certain IGHV genes compared to the other isotypes. IgE sequences carried more somatic mutations than IgM, yet fewer than IgG and IgA. Many IgE sequences contained N-linked glycosylation motifs. IgE sequences had no clonal relationship with the other isotypes. The IgE repertoire in healthy individuals is derived from relatively few clonal expansions without apparent relations to immune reactions that give rise to IgG or IgA. The mutational burden of normal IgE suggests an origin through direct class-switching from the IgM repertoire with little evidence of antigenic drive, and hence presumably low affinity for specific antigens. These findings are compatible with a primary function of the healthy IgE repertoire to occupy Fcε receptors for competitive protection against mast cell degranulation induced by allergen-specific, high-affinity IgE. This background knowledge may help to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms in allergic disease and to design improved desensitization strategies.

A New Tridimensional Insight into Geometric and Kinematic Characteristics of Masticatory Cycles in Participants with Normal Occlusion.

The aim of this study was to analyze the general, geometric, and kinematic characteristics of the masticatory cycle's movements in a tridimensional way, using a method developed by our study group to provide a new insight into the analysis of mandibular movements due to advancement in the potential of computational analysis. Ten individuals (20.1 ± 2.69 years), molar class I, without mandibular movement problems participated in this study. The movements of the masticatory cycles, frontal and sagittal mandibular border movements, were recorded using 3D electromagnetic articulography and processed with computational scripts developed by our research group. The number of chewing cycles, frequency (cycles/s), chewing cycle areas/mandibular border movements areas ratios, and the mouth opening and closing speeds on the 3D trajectory of the chewing cycle were compared. The cycles were divided and analyzed in thirds. The masticatory cycles showed high variation among the individuals (21.6 ± 9.4 cycles); the frequency (1.46 ± 0.21 cycles/s) revealed a moderate positive correlation (R = 0.52) with the number of cycles. The frontal area ratios between the cycle area and the mandibular border movement presented higher values in the first third (6.65%) of the masticatory cycles, and the ratios of sagittal areas were higher and more variable (first, 7.67%; second, 8.06%; and third, 10.04%) than the frontal view. The opening and closing mouth speeds were greater in the second third of the masticatory cycles (OS, 57.82 mm/s; CS, 58.34 mm/s) without a significant difference between the opening and closing movements when the same thirds were evaluated. Further studies are necessary to improve the understanding of the masticatory cycles regarding the standardization of parameters and their values.

Systematic Standardized and Individualized Assessment of Masticatory Cycles Using Electromagnetic 3D Articulography and Computer Scripts.

Masticatory movements are studied for decades in odontology; a better understanding of them could improve dental treatments. The aim of this study was to describe an innovative, accurate, and systematic method of analyzing masticatory cycles, generating comparable quantitative data. The masticatory cycles of 5 volunteers (Class I, 19 ± 1.7 years) without articular or dental occlusion problems were evaluated using 3D electromagnetic articulography supported by MATLAB software. The method allows the trajectory morphology of the set of chewing cycles to be analyzed from different views and angles. It was also possible to individualize the trajectory of each cycle providing accurate quantitative data, such as number of cycles, cycle areas in frontal view, and the ratio between each cycle area and the frontal mandibular border movement area. There was a moderate negative correlation (-0.61) between the area and the number of cycles: the greater the cycle area, the smaller the number of repetitions. Finally it was possible to evaluate the area of the cycles through time, which did not reveal a standardized behavior. The proposed method provided reproducible, intelligible, and accurate quantitative and graphical data, suggesting that it is promising and may be applied in different clinical situations and treatments.

Prevalence and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular incisive canal through panoramic radiographs in a Chilean population / Prevalencia y características morfométricas del canal incisivo mandibular a través de radiografías panorámicas en población chilena

The mandibular incisive canal (MIC) is a continuation of the mandibular canal, anterior to the mental foramen, containing the neurovascular bundle of the teeth in anterior mandibular segment. The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence and analyze the morphometric parameters of MIC in a Chilean population through digital panoramic radiographs. A cross-sectional study was performed using 500 digital panoramic radiographies of adult individuals. The prevalence of MIC was set in different sexes, age groups and proximity to teeth; in addition to the morphometric parameters of length, width (diameter) and distances of MIC to dental element and the mandibular base. General MIC prevalence was 53 % (265 cases), 49.9 % in women and 57 % in men. In the age groups, prevalence was higher in men, MIC was predominantly associated to first premolars (98.2 % - women; 90 % - men), however a relevant number (42.6 % women; 55.1 % - men) was close to the canines. The MIC length ranged from 2.6 to 18 mm (median - 5 to 8 mm), the width of 0.8 to 5.4 mm (median - 2 to 3 mm), the distance to other elements from 0.6 to 12 , 5 mm (medians - 5 to 7 mm) and the margin of the mandible from 4.1 to 16.7 mm (median - 8 to 10 mm). The length decreases in older age groups regardless of sex. Width and distance the mandibular base was larger in men compared to women.

El canal incisivo mandibular (MIC) es una continuación del canal mandibular, anterior al agujero mentoniano, que contiene la rama neurovascular de los dientes en el segmento mandibular anterior. El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular la prevalencia y analizar los parámetros morfométricos del MIC en una población chilena mediante radiografías panorámicas digitales. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal utilizando 500 radiografías panorámicas digitales de individuos adultos. La prevalencia de MIC se estableció en diferentes géneros, grupos de edades y proximidad a los dientes; Además de los parámetros morfométricos de longitud, ancho (diámetro) y distancias de MIC al diente y a la base mandibular. La prevalencia general de MIC fue de 53 % (265 casos), 49,9 % en mujeres y 57 % en hombres. En los grupos de edad, la prevalencia fue mayor en los hombres, el MIC se asoció predominantemente a los primeros premolares (98,2 % - mujeres, 90 % - hombres), sin embargo un número relevante (42,6 % mujeres y 55,1 % hombres) estaba cerca de los caninos. La longitud del MIC osciló entre 2,6 y 18 mm (medianas de 5 a 8 mm), el ancho de 0,8 a 5,4 mm (medianas de 2 a 3 mm), la distancia a otros elementos de 0,6 a 12,5 mm (medianas de 5 a 7 mm) y al borde de la mandíbula de 4,1 a 16,7 mm (medianas de 8 a 10 mm). El largo disminuye en los grupos de mayor edad independientemente del sexo. Ancho y distancia a la base mandibular fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres.

Unusual pattern of the first dorsal metacarpal artery.

This report describes an unusual pattern of the first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) regarding its course and termination. This FDMA had an abnormal course, passing deep to various anatomical elements related to the index finger, with unusual termination in the radial and ulnar proper palmar digital arteries feeding the second and third fingers, respectively. There is no mention of this anatomical variation in the literature. We report the possible embryological origin of this case and other variations related to the FDMA. This unusual pattern represents a new reason to consider anatomical knowledge important for surgeons whose procedures are in this area and to ensure an accurate diagnosis and safe treatment of pathologies that might engage this anatomical variation.

Irrigación e inervación de la articulación temporomandibular: una revisión de la literatura / Irrigation and innervation of the temporomandibular joint: a literature review

El conocimiento de los nervios aferentes, de la irrigación vascular y del drenaje venoso comprometido en la articulación temporomandibular es relevante para entender la fisiología del sistema estomatognático. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los vasos sanguíneos y los nervios involucrados en la irrigación e inervación de la ATM, y si los términos utilizados en la literatura científica respetan lo establecido en Terminología Anatomica Internacional (TAI).Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en la que se incluyeron 10 libros y 11 artículos científicos. La mayoría de los autores señalaron que la irrigación de la ATM se lleva a cabo por ramas de la arteria temporal superficial y ramas de la arteria maxilar, que a su vez son ramas de la arteria carótida externa. El drenaje venoso estaría dado por las venas temporales superficiales y por el plexo pterigoideo. La inervación sensitiva provenía del nervio mandibular, ramo del V par craneal y sus ramos auriculotemporal, maseterino y los nervios temporales profundos. Los autores concuerdan en los principales vasos y ramos nerviosos que dan irrigación e inervación a la ATM, aunque también se mencionan otros vasos y nervios menos descritos. El drenaje venoso de la ATM se encuentra escasamente descrito en la literatura.

The knowledge of the afferent nerves, vascular supply and venous drainage of the temporomandibular joint is relevant to understand the physiology of the stomatognathic system. The aim of this study was to identify the blood vessels and nerves involved in the blood supply and innervation of the TMJ, and if the terms used in the scientific literature respects the Terminologia Anatomica. Ten books and 11 scientific articles were included. A literature review was conducted. Most authors suggest that TMJ irrigation is carried out by branches of the superficial temporal artery and branches of the maxillary artery, which are branches of the external carotid artery. The venous drainage would be given by the superficial temporal vein and by the pterygoid plexus. The sensory innervation was given by the mandibular nerve, branch of the V cranial nerve and its branches auriculotemporal, masseteric and the deep temporal nerves. The authors agree on the major vessels and nerve branches that provide irrigation and innervation to the TMJ, although other less described vessels and nerves are also mentioned. The venous drainage of the TMJ is poorly described in the literature.

Análisis morfométrico de la mandíbula de pacientes con asimetría facial asociada a hiperplasia condilar. estudio en radiografía panorámica / Morphometric analysis of the mandible in patients with facial asymmetry associated to condylar hyperplasia. a panoramic radiography study

El objetivo de esta investigación es definir características morfológicas en radiografías panorámicas digitales de sujetos con deformidad facial asimétrica asociada a hiperplasia condilar. Se diseño un estudio de corte transversal para estudiar 14 pacientes con la patología identificándose puntos y lineas de medición de forma comparativa entre la hemimandíbula con diagnóstico de hiperplasia condilar ya la hemimandíbula cuyo condilo presenta un crecimiento normal; todas las mediciones fueron realizadas de forma manual de acuerdo a protocolos previamente establecidos. Las variables de análisis fueron tamaño condilar, tamaño de rama mandibular y tamaño del cuerpo de mandíbula en relación al foramen mentual. El análisis de datos fue realizado mediante la prueba Chi-cuadrado considrando el valor de p<0,05 para obtener diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los resultados mostraron que existían diferencias significativas entre ambos lados de la mandíbula en cinco de las nueve variables utilizadas en esta investigación; sin embargo, a partir de la medición de ambas hemimandibulas se obtuvo diferencias que llegaban a valores de 2 mm o menos, lo cual puede ser clínicamente intrascendente a pesar de la significancia estadística. Se concluye que es necesario obtener nuevas mediciones en otras áreas o con otra metodología que sea capaz de presentar diferencias estadísticas y clínicas representativas para realizar el diagnóstico precoz de la hiperplasia condilar.

The aim of this research was to define the morphological characteristics in panoramic digital radiography of subjects with asymmetric facial deformities related to condylar hyperplasia. A transversal cohort study was designed for the analysis of 14 patients with this pathology, and points and lines for measurement were identified, in a comparative technique between the hemimandible with condylar hyperplasia diagnosis and hemimandible with normal growth of the condyle. In accordance with protocol all measurements were carried out manually. Variables analyzed were, size of condyle, size of the mandible ramus and size of mandible body in relation to mental foramen. The data analyses was carried out with statistical Chi-Square test considering p value <0.05 for statistical significance. The results showed some significant differences between both sides of the mandible in five of nine evaluations. However, measurement with less than 2 mm differences were obtained, which clinically might not be relevant, despite statistical differences. In conclusion, new measurements in others areas or with different methodologies are necessary to better determine clinical and statistical differences for early diagnosis of condylar hyperplasia.