Cost Analysis and Reimbursement of Weightbearing Computed Tomography.

Background: Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) is becoming a valuable tool in the evaluation of foot and ankle pathology. Currently, cost analyses of WBCT scanners in private practice are lacking in the literature. This study evaluated the costs of acquisition, utilization, and reimbursements for a WBCT at a tertiary referral center, information of particular interest to practices considering obtaining such equipment. Methods: All WBCT scans performed at a tertiary referral center over the 55-month period (August 2016 to February 2021) were retrospectively evaluated. Patient demographics, pathology location, etiology, subspecialty of the ordering provider, and whether the study was unilateral or bilateral were collected. Reimbursement was calculated based on payor source as a percentage of Medicare reimbursement for lower extremity CT. The number of total scans performed per month was evaluated to determine revenue generated per month. Results: Over the study period, 1903 scans were performed. An average of 34.6 scans were performed each month. Forty-one providers ordered WBCT scans over the study period. Foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons ordered 75.5% of all scans. The most common location of pathology was the ankle, and the most common etiology was trauma. The device was cost neutral at 44.2 months, assuming reimbursement for each study was commensurate with Medicare rates. The device became cost neutral at approximately 29.9 months when calculating reimbursement according to mixed-payor source. Conclusion: As WBCT scan becomes more widely used for evaluation of foot and ankle pathology, practices may be interested in understanding the financial implications of such an investment. To the authors' knowledge, this study is the only cost-effectiveness analysis of WBCT based in the United States. We found that in a large, multispecialty orthopaedic group, WBCT can be a financially viable asset and a valuable diagnostic tool for a variety of pathologies. Level of Evidence: Level III, diagnostic.

Patient Complaints in Orthopedic Surgery: An Analysis Utilizing a Large National Database.

INTRODUCTION: Unsolicited patient complaints (UPCs) about surgeons correlate with surgical complications and malpractice claims. Analysis of UPCs in orthopedics is limited. METHODS: Patient complaint reports recorded at 36 medical centers between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 were coded using a previously validated coding algorithm Patient Advocacy Reporting System. RESULTS: A total of 33,174 physicians had 4 consecutive years of data across the 36 participating medical centers and met other inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Orthopedists with high numbers of UPCs may benefit from being made aware of their elevated risk status in ways that invite reflection on underlying causes.

Comparing Rates of Fusion and Time to Fusion in Viable Cellular Allograft and Autograft.

BACKGROUND: Autograft or allograft frequently are used to enhance bone union in foot and ankle surgery. Viable cellular bone allograft uses viable cells and bone scaffolding in a gel base, but uncertainty remains around allograft's greater efficacy than autograft regarding rates of fusion (ROF) and time to fusion (TTF). METHODS: Autograft, viable cellular allograft, and viable cellular allograft with autograft were compared in 199 forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot arthrodeses performed over a 6-year period. Data collected from electronic medical records and radiographs were analyzed to determine ROF and TTF as well as rates of revision surgery for delayed or nonunion and compared among groups. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients comprised the autograft group, 81 the allograft group, and 31 the combined group. No significant differences were noted in patient demographics among the groups. No statistically significant differences in ROF were noted among the 3 groups, with 86% (75 of 87) fusion in the autograft group, 93% (75 of 81) in the allograft group, and 84% (26 of 31) in the combined group (P = .20). After conducting a multivariate analysis, we found no statistically significant difference for allograft or combined graft on TTF (P = .1379 and .2311, respectively). No significant difference was found in rate of revision surgery for nonunion, which was 1.2% (1 of 81) in the allograft group, 3.4% (3 of 87) in the autograft group, and 6.5% (2 of 31) in the combined group (P = .3). CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found in ROF, TTF, or rate of revision surgery when comparing viable cellular allograft to autograft or combined allograft-autograft. Viable cellular allograft may be a reasonable alternative to the gold standard of autograft and should be considered an option in patients undergoing arthrodesis in foot and ankle surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic.

Understanding Penicillin Allergy, Cross-reactivity, and Antibiotic Selection in the Preoperative Setting.

Penicillin allergies are reported by 8% to 15% of the US population, but up to 95% of these allergies do not correspond to a true allergy when tested. Recent studies have demonstrated that having a penicillin allergy label (PAL) results in a 50% increased odds of surgical site infection among patients reporting a penicillin allergy entirely attributable to the use of a beta-lactam alternative antibiotic (primarily clindamycin or vancomycin). This study provides a review of the prevalence of PAL, the cross-reactivity with cefazolin, immunogenic components of cefazolin and penicillin, and current guidelines for preoperative antibiotic selection in patients with PALs. On understanding these principles, a new set of guidelines and a risk stratification tool are proposed for assessing allergies and determining appropriate antibiotic choice, dosage, and timing in the orthopaedic preoperative setting.

Mapping of Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures in Young Patients Using Advanced 2 and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography.

OBJECTIVE: To better describe the pathoanatomy of young patients' femoral neck fractures with the goal of improving surgeons' decisions for treatment including reduction and fixation. DESIGN: This is a retrospective study of patient records, plain radiographs, and the modern computed tomography scans to study the pathoanatomy of Pauwels II and III femoral neck fractures (coronal angle >30 degrees) in young adults. SETTING: One American College of Surgeons Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: All patients 18-49 years of age with a surgically repaired Pauwels' II and III (>30 degrees) femoral neck fracture between 2013 and 2017. METHODS: Fifty-six adult patients younger than 50 years were identified with a femoral neck fracture in the study period, of whom 30 met study criteria. We evaluated plain radiography and computed tomography data including fracture orientation, characteristics of fracture morphology including size, shape, and dimensions, comminution, displacement, and deformity. RESULTS: Fracture morphology typically included a wide-based caudal head-neck segment (80%) that ends at a variable location along the medial calcar, sometimes as caudal as the lesser trochanter. Comminution was present in 90% of cases mostly located in the inferior quadrant, but anterior or posterior to the void left by the head-neck's caudal segment. The fractures orientations and deformities were reported by means and ranges. CONCLUSIONS: We investigated and reported on the pathoanatomy of high-energy femoral neck fractures in young adults with the goal of increasing understanding of the injury and improving surgeons' ability to provide for improved treatment decisions and quality fracture repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Long-Term Outcomes of Glenohumeral Arthrodesis.

BACKGROUND: Glenohumeral arthrodesis is associated with a high rate of complications. Although patients experience reasonable pain relief and shoulder stability, they experience marked limitations in their upper-extremity function. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of glenohumeral arthrodesis. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with 29 affected shoulders underwent primary glenohumeral arthrodesis between 1992 and 2009. Surgical indications included rotator cuff arthropathy and pseudoparalysis (n = 7), neurologic injuries (n = 12), chronic infection (n = 3), recurrent dislocations (n = 3), and proximal humeral or shoulder girdle tumors (n = 4). Surgical fixation techniques included plates and screws in 18 patients and screws only in 11 patients. RESULTS: All patients were examined, with a mean follow-up of 12 years (range, 2 to 22 years). Twelve patients (41%) had postoperative complications, including 6 periprosthetic fractures, 7 nonunions, and 3 infections. Eleven patients (38%) required additional surgical procedures after arthrodesis, including revision internal fixation to achieve glenohumeral fusion after nonunions (n = 7), irrigation and debridement with antibiotic treatment for deep infections (n = 2), open reduction and internal fixation to treat fracture (n = 2), and implant removal to treat symptomatic patients (n = 3). Patients experienced reasonable overall pain relief. The mean postoperative scores were 35 points for the Subjective Shoulder Value, 58 points for the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and 54 points for the Short Form-36. Eighty-seven percent of patients reported postoperative limitations. Patients with neurologic injuries had worse functional outcomes, and an arthrodesis position of ≥25° yielded better functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Glenohumeral arthrodesis is associated with a high rate of patients with complications (41%). Although patients experience reasonable pain relief and shoulder stability, they experience marked limitations in their upper-extremity function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Long-Term Outcomes of Primary Repair of Chronic Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate long-term outcomes of ligamentous repair rather than reconstruction for chronic thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries. Methods: Patients at least 15-years status-post repair of a chronic (greater than 6 weeks) UCL tear were contacted for clinical evaluation, radiographs, and postoperative outcome questionnaires, including the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, visual analog scale (VAS) pain scale, and study-specific questions. Twelve of 21 (57%) living patients were available for long-term, greater than 15-year follow-up (average 24.5 years, range 16.9-35.6). Results: Eighty-eight percent of patients had some degree of osteoarthritis. Increased age at the time of injury and higher DASH scores were correlated with increased grades of the thumb metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis. Delay to treatment and VAS pain scores had no correlation with radiographic findings. Conclusions: Repair of a chronic UCL injury with available local tissue appears to be a reasonable alternative to ligament reconstruction, resulting in durable long-term outcomes despite the majority of patients progressing to osteoarthritis.

Challenging the Dogma of Tourniquet Pressure Requirements for Upper Extremity Surgery.

Background Traditional teaching supports upper extremity tourniquet pressure to be set at 250 mm Hg. Complications have been associated with increased pressure and duration of tourniquet use. We hypothesized that there will be no significant difference in intraoperative variables between tourniquet pressures of 125, 150, 175, or 200 mm Hg as compared with the current practice of 250 mm Hg during mini-open carpal tunnel release. Case Description A retrospective review was conducted of patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release from June 2009 to June 2012. Those undergoing surgery with a tourniquet pressure of 250 mm Hg were compared with those with lower tourniquet pressures regarding their demographics, operative and anesthesia time, and whether the tourniquet pressure needed to be increased to 250 mm Hg during surgery. Literature Review A total of 432 patients underwent carpal tunnel release over the 3-year period. There were no differences with respect to patient demographics. There was no significant difference between operative or anesthesia time between different tourniquet pressure groups. There were no reported problems with breakthrough bleeding or difficulty with visualization of structures in any of the pressure groups. None of the patients with lower tourniquet pressures needed the tourniquet pressure to be adjusted during surgery. Clinical Relevance This study demonstrated that using lower tourniquet pressures had no effect on the operation for open carpal tunnel release including effect on operative or anesthesia time, breakthrough bleeding, or complications directly related to tourniquet pressures. Orthopedic surgeons may consider reducing tourniquet pressures during carpal tunnel release.

Clinical efficacy of a fragility care program in distal radius fracture patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the quality of an initiative to improve the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in patients over 50 years of age with distal radius fractures (DRF). METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted to determine the baseline percentage of individuals undergoing osteoporosis screening after DRF. Thereafter, a study was implemented in which DRF patients who were not being treated for osteoporosis or had not recently undergone screening were offered a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan and referral to endocrinology at the initial hand surgery clinic visit. Patients who declined participation were contacted by a patient educator to discuss the benefits of screening and address their concerns. Those who then wanted to receive an osteoporosis evaluation were scheduled for bone scanning and endocrinology consultation. RESULTS: During the baseline period, 7 patients (15%) were screened, and 41 (85%) were not screened. During the active phase of the initiative, 82 patients over 50 years of age were treated for a DRF at our institution. A total of 44 patients were identified for potential osteoporosis screening, and 35 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 (54%) agreed to screening after the initial orthopedic evaluation, and 16 declined. After speaking to a patient educator, 9 of these 16 patients agreed to screening. Of the remaining 7 patients, 4 again declined screening and 3 were unavailable by telephone. Overall, 80% of patients who were identified in the initiative agreed to osteoporosis screening after the combination of recommendation during hand surgery clinic visit and patient education by telephone, and 64% were diagnosed with osteoporosis/osteopenia as a result of completing screening. CONCLUSIONS: An integrated model of care among orthopedic surgeons, patient educators, and endocrinologists substantially increased screening for osteoporosis after DRF. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.