Unveiling the etiological impact of GST-M1, GST-T1, and P53 genotypic variations on brain carcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Functional variants of glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-M1, GST-T1, p53 might modulate brain cancer risk by altering the rate of metabolism and clearance of carcinogens from the brain tissue. In this study, the role of GST-M1, GST-T1, p53 polymorphisms on brain tumor was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Brain tumor tissues of 143 patients were obtained from the Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery between 2019 and 2020. In the xenobiotic mechanism, the null allele frequency in the GST-T1, GST-M1 gene regions of Phase II enzymes by qPCR method were investigated. Single nucleotide polymorphism encoding Arg/Pro conversion in the p53 gene region was analyzed in 120 cases by sequence analysis method. The data were analyzed statistically with patient's demographic and clinical data. GST-M1, GST-T1, p53 genotypes of the patient group were determined. The most frequent genotype was null genotype (0/0) for GST-M1 (χ2 = 39.756, p < 0.001). GST-M1 genotype frequencies were 30.8%, 23.1%, 44.3% for 1/1, 1/0, 0/0, respectively. The most frequent genotype was GST-T1 1/1 following by GST-T1 1/0 (χ2 = 0.335, p = 0.846). GST-T1 genotype frequencies were 64.3%, 30.8%, 4.9% for 1/1, 1/0, 0/0, respectively. GST-M1 null genotype might be associated with the development of brain tumors. Genotype distribution obtained in p53 exon 4 codon 72; Arg/Arg was determined as 31 (25.8%), Arg/Pro 70 (58.3%), and Pro/Pro 19 (15.8%) in the case group, while there were 18 (38.3%), 23 (48.9%), and 6 (12.8%) respectively in the control group. However, the genotype distribution of p53 exon 4 codon 72 among tumorous tissue did not significantly vary from healthy control tissues (χ²=2.536, p = 0.281). CONCLUSION: The null allele frequency encountered in the GST-M1, GST-T1 gene regions is consistent with the rates in the gene pool called Caucasian in the literature. GST-M1 gene polymorphism may play a crucial role in brain carcinogenesis in Turkish patients. This study based on clinical data is thought to help to understand the important epidemiological features of brain tumors.

Comparison of Surgical Techniques for Intracranial Arachnoid Cysts: A Volumetric Analysis.

AIM: To compare the volumetric changes of intracranial arachnoid cysts (IACs) in different surgical techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-six patients who underwent IAC surgery in our department between 2010 and 2020 were studied retrospectively. Based on the surgical technique, clinical and volumetric changes, postoperative complications, recurrence rates, and length of hospital stay were statistically compared. RESULTS: Microsurgical fenestration (MF) was performed on 32 (48.5%) patients, endoscopic fenestration (EF) on 17 patients, cystoperitoneal shunt (CPS) on 11 patients, and EF + CPS in six patients. The mean IAC volume change rate was 68.54 mL, and the mean cyst volume change rate was 40.68%. The MF technique produces a significantly greater mean cyst volume change than the EF technique. The mean volume change in sylvian IAC is 4.8 times greater than in posterior fossa IAC, a significant difference. The mean cyst volume change is four times greater in patients with skull deformity than in patients with balance loss, and this difference is statistically significant. In patients with cranial deformity, the mean cyst volume change is 2.6 times greater than in patients with neurological dysfunction. This difference is also statistically significant. The volume of IAC decreased more in patients with postoperative complications, with a significant difference between the postoperative complication and the change in IAC volume. CONCLUSION: MF can achieve better volumetric reduction in IAC, particularly in patients with sylvian arachnoid cysts. However, more volumetric reduction increases the risk of postoperative complications.

Assessment of Correlation Analysis, Phytochemical Profile, and Biological Activities of Endemic Scorzonera Species from Turkey.

Scorzonera species belong to the Asteraceae family comprising more than 25000 species. The present study aimed to examine the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of S. sandrasica Hartvig et Strid, S. coriacea A. Duran&Aksoy, and S. ahmet-duranii Makbul&Coskuncelebi which are endemic species to Turkey. Flavonoids such as hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, isoorientin, orientin, 7-O-methyl isoorientin, luteolin-7-O-ß-glycoside, apigenin-7-O-ß-glucoside, vitexin, isovitexin as well as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives including chlorogenic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid contents were analyzed to clarify phytochemical content of the extracts. Aerial parts of the investigated extracts were determined as contain flavonoids in high amounts. Chlorogenic acid and its derivatives were detected in all investigated species, in varying amounts, both in the roots and aerial parts. S. coriacea aerial parts contained the highest total phenolic and flavonoids. The strongest inhibitory activities on ABTS and DPPH radicals were also observed with S. coriacea aerial parts by 8.07±0.28 and 13.94±0.53 µg/ml of IC50 values, respectively. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were significantly correlated with DPPH (r=-0.9842, p=0.0004) and ABTS free radical scavenging (r=-0.9870, p=0.0003) and total antioxidant capacity (r=0.8173, p=0.0470), as well as total flavonoid contents (r=0.8820, p=0.0201). S. sandrasica aerial parts and S. ahmet-duranii roots exhibited the greatest red blood cell membrane protection and protein denaturation inhibition, respectively. From the phytochemical point of view, all the selected species were analyzed for the first time.

Bioactivities of Alchemilla mollis, Alchemilla persica and Their Active Constituents

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial activities of Alchemilla mollis, Alchemilla persica as well as ellagic acid and miquelianin against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans by using microbroth dilution method and anti-inflammatory activity by using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities. Extracts possessed activity having MIC values of 2.5-5-10mg/ mL, compounds possessed activity having MIC values of 1.25-2.5-4-5mg/mL. A.mollis aerial parts displayed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=1.22±0.07mg/mL). Ellagic acid and miquelianin were also determined as anti-inflammatory agents with 0.57±0.01mg/mL and 1.23±0.02mg/mL IC50 values, respectively. Total phenolic content and tannin content of the A.mollis and A.persica were determined as 357.00±75.80mg, 282.50±28.70mg PGE/g plant material and 18.02%, 18.63% respectively according to the method described by European Pharmacopoeia. Ellagic acid, miquelianin and catechin were analyzed by HPLC. The highest catechin content was detected in A.persica roots (6.69±0.05g/100g plant material). A.mollis aerial parts contain higher miquelianin (0.39±0.02g/plant material) and ellagic acid (1.56±0.01g/ plant material) than A.persica.

In vitro inhibitory potential of avocado fruits, Persea americana (Lauraceae) against oxidation, inflammation and key enzymes linked to skin diseases / Inhibidor potencial in vitro de frutos de aguacate, Persea americana (Lauraceae) contra la oxidación, inflamación y enzimas clave vinculadas a enfermedades de la piel

Abstract Introduction: Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a member of Lauraceae with one-seeded berry fruit and cultivated in all tropical, subtropical regions in the world and in the Southern coast region of Turkey. Oxidative damage caused by UV can trigger inflammation, resulting in serious inflammatory skin diseases including eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and ageing. Enzyme inhibitors involved in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase, have been used recently for hyperpigmentation and skin diseases in cosmetic products. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities and total polyphenolic contents of the different parts of P. americana fruit. Methods: The fruit was divided into exocarp, mesocarp, seed, and then methanol and n-hexane extracts were prepared. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities and inhibitory potentials on lipid peroxidation were determined to investigate the antioxidant potentials of the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the stabilization level of the human red blood cell membrane. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined using mushroom tyrosinase. Results: In general methanol extracts possessed remarkable higher DPPH free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The highest activity was determined in methanol extracts of seed (4.17 ± 0.04 mg/mL) followed by exocarp (5.25 ± 0.05 mg/mL). Overall methanol extracts possessed higher ABTS free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The greatest ABTS free radical scavenging activity was obtained in methanol extracts of seed (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mL). In the anti-lipid peroxidation assay, the greatest activity was noticed in methanol extracts of seed (7.71 ± 0.36 µg/mL) followed by exocarp (12.12 ± 0.34 µg/mL), while all n-hexane extracts were inactive. Overall methanol extracts exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties than n-hexane extracts. However, the maximum anti-tyrosinase activity was determined in n-hexane extracts of exocarp (0.40 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by seed (0.46 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Conclusions: These extracts are promising candidates for use as natural products-based antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflammation-related disease, and also anti-tyrosinase properties in dermatological applications.

Resumen Introducción: El aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) es un miembro de Lauraceae, es una baya de una semilla que se cultiva en todas las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo y la región costera sur de Turquía. El daño oxidativo causado por los rayos ultravioleta puede desencadenar inflamación, lo que posteriormente da como resultado enfermedades inflamatorias graves de la piel como eccema, dermatitis seborreica, hiperpigmentación y envejecimiento. Los inhibidores de enzimas implicados en la melanogénesis, como la tirosinasa, se han utilizado recientemente para la hiperpigmentación y enfermedades de la piel en productos cosméticos. Objetivo: Evaluar las actividades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias, antitirosinasas y los contenidos polifenólicos totales de las partes del fruto de P. americana. Métodos: El fruto se dividió en tres partes: exocarpio, mesocarpio y semilla, y se prepararon extractos de metanol y n-hexano. Se determinaron las capacidades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH y ABTS y los potenciales inhibidores sobre la peroxidación de lípidos para investigar los potenciales antioxidantes de los extractos. Las actividades antiinflamatorias de los extractos se evaluaron midiendo el nivel de estabilización de la membrana de los glóbulos rojos humanos. Las actividades inhibidoras de tirosinasa de las muestras se determinaron utilizando tirosinasa de hongos. Resultados: En general, los extractos de metanol poseían actividades de eliminación de radicales libres de DPPH notablemente más altas que los extractos de n-hexano. La actividad más alta se presentó en extractos metanólicos de semilla (4.17±0.04 mg/mL) seguido del exocarpio (5.25±0.05 mg/mL). En general, los extractos de metanol poseían una mayor actividad de eliminación de radicales libres ABTS que los extractos de n-hexano. La mayor actividad captadora de radicales libres de ABTS se obtuvo en extractos metanólicos de semilla (0.03±0.01 mg/mL). En el ensayo de anti-peroxidación lipídica, la mayor actividad se observó en los extractos metanólicos de semillas (7.71±0.36 µg/mL) seguidos del exocarpio (12.12±0.34 µg/mL), mientras que todos los extractos de n-hexano estaban inactivos. En general, los extractos de metanol exhibieron mayores propiedades anti-inflamatorias y antioxidantes que los extractos de n-hexano. Sin embargo, la actividad anti-tirosinasa máxima se determinó en extractos de exocarpio de n-hexano (0.40±0.01 mg/mL) seguido de semillas (0.46±0.01 mg/mL). Conclusiones: Estos extractos son candidatos prometedores como productos naturales debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias para tratar enfermedades relacionadas con la inflamación, y también propiedades antitirosinasas en aplicaciones dermatológicas.

Chemoresistance in Malignant Intracranial Tumors: Longer Survival with Negative MDR1 Expression.

AIM: To analyze the Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-P, GST-M, cytochrome p450 (CYP)1-A1, CYP1-B1, and multidrug resistance (MDR)-1 expressions in malignant intracranial tumor (ICT)s, and to elicit their role on patient survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: GST-P, GST-M, CYP1-A1, CYP1-B1, and MDR-1 expressions were analyzed using immunostaining in 149 samples from 141 patients with preoperative ICT diagnosis. The case characteristics were reviewed, and the enzyme expressions were equated based on the age, gender, and tumor type. Then, 77 of 141 patients with malignant ICT and complete medical records postoperative were also investigated in detail for the relationship between the diagnosis, enzyme expression, and overall survival. RESULTS: The average age was 49.44 years, with 83 (58.45%) male patients. Among the 77 malignant ICTs, 38 (49.3%) and 29 were glial tumors and metastases, respectively, with a 13.35-month overall survival. Patients with metastatic tumor have approximately threefold higher GSTP level than those with glial tumors. MDR-1 expression was approximately twofold higher in > 60-year-old patients. No statistically significant association was found between patients? smoking behaviors, alcohol consumption, and overall survival. Only MDR-1 expression was correlated with overall survival. Better overall survival was observed in patients with a negative MDR-1 expression than those with a positive one. CONCLUSION: MDR-1 is an important indicator of survival in malignant intracranial tumor patients. Longer survival is associated with negative MDR-1 expression.