A review of surrogate safety measures on road safety at unsignalized intersections in developing countries.

In recent times, the assessment of unsignalized intersection safety has received significant research attention because of the complex and diverse traffic movements and driving behaviour at such locations. However, priority traffic regulations are not well followed in comparison to the unsignalized junctions, which leads to more conflicts. Additionally, the severity of conflicts increases with continuous traffic manoeuvres, including right-turns and through traffic, combined with different driving behaviours. Several studies have compared crash-based analysis to proactive traffic safety measures. Current research outcomes imply that surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have the potential to elucidate the sequence of events that result in collisions, their underlying causes, and their outcomes. Therefore, to further understand the appropriateness of SSMs, further study is required based on heterogeneity in traffic along with driver behaviour that incorporates turning vehicle factors. This study presents an all-inclusive evaluation of the recent advancements in SSMs and their practical implementation, with a particular emphasis on unsignalized intersections in developing nations. The findings of this investigation would be helpful in identifying the appropriate safety indicators for evaluating traffic safety at unsignalized intersections.

Symptoms and Prevalence of Constipation among Adult Population of Bangladesh.

Background: Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. The prevalence of constipation is rapidly increasing globally. It has adverse effects on the patient's quality of life including productivity and results in a high financial hardship on the healthcare system. The aim of the study was to estimate the symptoms and prevalence of constipation among the adult population of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study based on a structured questionnaire and a checklist. In this study, three criteria were used for the diagnosis of chronic constipation (self-reported perception, Rome III criteria, and Bristol's criteria). The study was conducted among 1,550 population between July 2019 and December 2019. Result: The study population consisted of 1,550 respondents, among them 41.61% male and 58.39% female, and the mean age was 32.71 ± 9.72 years. In the study, 12.2% of the population was categorized to have constipation according to self-reported perception, 11.2% according to Rome III, and 10.3% reported to have been suffering from constipation according to Bristol chart.Female gender tends to have a greater prevalence than male. In multivariate analysis for constipation, betel nut chewer, alcohol consumer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, GI surgery, and bronchial asthma were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with constipation. According to Bristol's criteria, the most common stool form was Type III (sausage-shaped with cracked surface) among the Bangladeshi population in this study. Conclusion: Chronic constipation is a common problem worldwide. The findings of this study suggest that there is a high prevalence of constipation among the general population of Bangladesh. Decreasing modifiable risk factors of constipation can reduce its prevalence and burden of the disease. Bangladesh is markedly deficient in literature citing constipation prevalence and determinants. These findings may commence a call for setting priority as one of the major public health problems and demanding attention for both at the clinical and community levels. How to cite this article: Ghosh DK, Sarkar DK, Nath M, et al. Symptoms and Prevalence of Constipation among Adult Population of Bangladesh. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2023;13(2):45-49.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Biopsy Versus Systematic Biopsy in the Detection of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy (MRI-TB) may be an alternative to systematic biopsy for diagnosing prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE: The primary aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to compare the detection rates of clinically significant and clinically insignificant cancer by MRI-TB with those by systematic biopsy in men undergoing prostate biopsy to identify prostate cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases. We included prospective and retrospective paired studies where the index test was MRI-TB and the comparator test was systematic biopsy. We also included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) if one arm included MRI-TB and another arm included systematic biopsy. The risk of bias was assessed using a modified Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 checklist. In addition, the Cochrane risk of bias 2.0 tool was used for RCTs. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We included 68 studies with a paired design and eight RCTs, comprising a total of 14709 men who either received both MRI-TB and systematic biopsy, or were randomised to receive one of the tests. MRI-TB detected more men with clinically significant cancer than systematic biopsy (detection ratio [DR] 1.16 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.09-1.24], p<0.0001) and fewer men with clinically insignificant cancer than systematic biopsy (DR 0.66 [95% CI 0.57-0.76], p<0.0001). The proportion of cores positive for cancer was greater for MRI-TB than for systematic biopsy (relative risk 3.17 [95% CI 2.82-3.56], p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: MRI-TB is an attractive alternative diagnostic strategy to systematic biopsy. PATIENT SUMMARY: We evaluated the published literature, comparing two methods of diagnosing prostate cancer. We found that biopsies targeted to suspicious areas on magnetic resonance imaging were better at detecting prostate cancer that needs to be treated and avoiding the diagnosis of disease that does not need treatment than the traditional systematic biopsy.

The Role of Multi-Parametric MRI and Fusion Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer - A Systematic Review of Current Literature.

Introduction The use of mutiparametric MRI (MpMRI) guided fusion biopsy is becoming an increasingly popular investigation in an aid to increase diagnostic yield in those suspected of having prostate cancer (PCa). Before adopting this technology, it is necessary to confirm the accuracy, so that PCa can be reliably diagnosed with characterisation. Materials and Methods This chapter analysed the evidences, which varied from well-designed randomised controlled trials to case series to detect the accuracy of MpMRI compared with biopsy/ histology. Results MpMRI incorporating T2 and diffusion weighted imaging only detects tumours in around 92% cases. When dynamic contrast enhancement is added, cancer diagnosis is significantly improved. Fusion biopsy increases the detection of high-risk PCa by 32% over conventional biopsy alone. Conclusion This review also revealed that fusion biopsy did not increase cancer detection rate but combined biopsy (Systematic and fusion) provide the highest detection rate for the diagnosis of PCa.

Renal injury in a patient with lumbar scoliosis.

Kidney laceration following blunt trauma is responsible for up to 3% of trauma cases. The risk factors associated with renal injury are attributed to the risks of mechanical injury. However, anatomical variations that may accelerate the insult of injury are poorly documented. This case report describes a 25-year-old with degenerative lumbar scoliosis who presented with flank pain and visible haematuria following a low-impact injury. The patient had a grade IV renal injury. The curvature of the spine, shown on CT imaging, revealed a reduced retroperitoneal space around the left kidney. This case explores lumbar scoliosis as a risk factor for kidney laceration. We hypothesise that this increased risk is associated with asymmetry of the spine and reduced anatomical space in the retroperitoneum. Patients with lumbar scoliosis may be considered a high-risk category for renal injury, following low-impact trauma.

Patient-Reported Experience of Modified Transperineal Template Guided Saturation Biopsy Under General Anaesthesia and without Prophylactic Catheterisation.

UNLABELLED: Results of patient feedback questionnaire following transperineal template guided saturation biopsy (TPSB) without prophylactic catheterisation. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: TPSB is increasingly utilised in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer. However, there is little data on patient experience after undergoing this procedure. We circulated a questionnaire to 511 consecutive patients from July 2007 to December 2014 and now analyse the responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mean age for the cohort was 64 (range 43-82). A mean of 28 biopsy cores (range 13-43) were taken under general anaesthesia (GA), as day case procedure. Patients received diclofenac 100 mg suppository on completion of the procedure. The questionnaire explored symptoms at 1 h, 1, 3 and 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: There were 301 responses (59%). Following TPSB, 38% initially experienced rectal bleeding, falling significantly to 3% on day 7 (p < 0.001) and it was not a serious condition in all cases. A majority reported haematuria at 1 h but persisting at 1 week in over one quarter (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, although initially often dark, none had other than pale pink by the end of the reporting period. In contrast, the incidence of haematospermia increased over 7 days, rising significantly to 38% by this stage (p < 0.001). Several patients commented that the procedure was more tolerable than their previous conventional TRUS biopsy and 20 (6.6%) with voiding difficulty required catheterisation. In all, 23% patients felt pain, and out of these 23% only 5% required minor analgesia at day 7. CONCLUSION: TPSB under GA without prophylactic catheterisation is well tolerated, carrying acceptable postoperative symptom rates. Interestingly, a significant proportion of patients ejaculate within 7 days, which again suggests good tolerance to the procedure. Patients should be provided with this data preoperatively when they are considering TPSB.

An interesting case of an antihypertensive causing post-prostatectomy incontinence.

A 70-year-old man underwent a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with preservation of bladder neck for T3aN0R0 prostate cancer in December 2009, (Gleason 4+3, negative surgical margin). His postoperative prostate-specific antigen rose from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/mL over 19 months. He had salvage radiotherapy in May 2012. Following radiotherapy, his urinary control worsened and he needed to wear up to four pads per day. He was being considered for an artificial urinary sphincter placement. He was also taking doxazosin for hypertension, which was discontinued. After stopping the doxazosin, his urinary control improved and he did not require any further intervention. Doctors should be aware of the effect of α-blockers on the internal sphincter and the risk of incontinence in patients post-prostate cancer treatment.

An unusual presentation of a retroperitoneal cyst.

A 34-year-old woman presented to the surgical assessment unit with severe right loin to groin pain. An ultrasound scan of the abdomen revealed a complex cyst in the right iliac fossa and a subsequent CT scan revealed a 7.5 cm retroperitoneal cystic lesion below the lower pole of the right kidney. The patient also had MRI of the kidneys, which confirmed the finding. The image showed the cyst was not attached to the kidneys and was clearly separate. She underwent a laparoscopic excision of the cyst. Histopathology revealed a cyst lined by a single layer of mucinous epithelium of endocervical type with foci of calcification and hyalinisation on the wall. The cyst was thought to be a benign cyst of Mullerian origin.

Unusual presentation of a scrotal tumour.

A 59-year-old man had a wide excision of the right-sided scrotal cancer in the neck of the scrotum. On dissection it became apparent that the tumour had developed a blood supply from the right spermatic cord. Histology revealed G2T2 squamous cell carcinoma. A biopsy from an abnormal skin area from the opposite groin reported chronic folliculitis. He underwent an ultrasound scanning of the groin and fine-needle aspiration, which did not show any suspicious features. Follow-up CT of the abdomen and pelvis after 6 weeks did not show any evidence of intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy. Another CT has been arranged within the next 3 months to confirm that the spread of the tumour does not follow the pattern of a testicular tumour.