Pessoas idosas que moram sozinhas: análise de demanda para os serviços sociais e saúde / Older adults living alone: demand analysis for social and health services / Personas ancianas que viven solas: análisis de la demanda de servicios sociales y de salud

Objetivo: Analisar as condições sociais, demográficas, econômicas, de vida e saúde, de apoio social e cuidado de pessoas idosas que moram sozinhas. Método: Estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa por meio de uma entrevista com questionário semiestruturado com idosos. Utilizou-se uma análise univariada a partir do teste qui-quadrado, de análise de correspondência múltipla e de cluster pelo procedimento não hierárquico. Resultados: Foram encontrados quatro principais agrupamentos de pessoas idosas que moram só, sendo eles: o primeiro, dos mais longevos com comorbidades respiratórias e que precisam de ajuda regularmente; o segundo, de idosos sem apoio a que recorrer; o terceiro, composto por homens com mais apoio; e o quarto, de mulheres mais independentes de apoio e cuidado. Conclusão: Esse diagnóstico da situação de pessoas idosas que vivem sozinhas evidencia um impacto direto e indireto nos serviços sociais e de saúde, subsidiando reformulações e implantações de políticas públicas de apoio e cuidado

Objective: To analyze the social, demographic, economic, living, and health conditions, social support, and care of older adults who live alone. Method: Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach using a semi-structured questionnaire interview with older adults. A univariate analysis was carried out with the chi-square test, multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis with a non-hierarchical procedure. Results: There was statistical significance among the variables sex (p=0.013), marital status (p<0.001), financial head of the household (p<0.001), contribution to family support (p=0.038), indebtedness (p=0.034), kidney disease (p=0.009), and all the social support and care variables (p≤0.05). Four groups were found in which longest-lived adults have comorbidities (pulmonary and respiratory disease) and need help regularly, older adults have no support, men have more support, and women are more independent of support and care. Conclusion: This diagnosis of the situation of older adults living alone supports the implementation of public support and care policies

Objetivo: Analizar las condiciones sociodemográficas, económicas, de vida y de salud, de apoyo social y cuidado de las personas mayores que viven solas. Método: Estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, que utilizó entrevista con cuestionario semiestructurado aplicado a adultos mayores. Se utilizó un análisis univariante basado en la prueba de chi-cuadrado, análisis de correspondencia múltiple y análisis de clústeres mediante un procedimiento no jerárquico. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro principales clústeres de personas mayores que viven solas, que son: el grupo de los más longevos con comorbilidades respiratorias y que necesitan de ayuda regularmente; el de las personas mayores que no tienen a quien les asista; el grupo de hombres que tienen más apoyo; y el de las mujeres independientes de apoyo y atención. Conclusión: Este diagnóstico de la situación de los ancianos que viven solos muestra un impacto directo e indirecto en los servicios sociales y de salud, lo que apunta a la necesidad de reformulaciones e implementaciones de políticas públicas de apoyo y cuidado

Factors influencing the positivity of diagnostic tests for congenital syphilis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the positivity of treponemal and non-treponemal tests in cases of congenital syphilis. METHODS: This cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out from the analysis of the database of Disease and Notification Information System (SINAN, in Portuguese) using the data obtained through the Epidemiological Surveillance Group 29, with 639 notifications of congenital syphilis between 2007 and 2018. The data were analyzed by a descriptive and inferential analysis from logistic regression with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: The positivity of the treponemal test was higher by 4.5 times in infants living in rural areas and 19.6 times among those whose mothers obtained the diagnosis of syphilis after birth. The treponemal test showed positivity 3.2 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed between 2007 and 2015" and 5.5 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed with maternal syphilis in the postpartum period." CONCLUSION: This study shows that testing during prenatal care is essential for early diagnosis and prevention of syphilis complications.

Factors influencing the positivity of diagnostic tests for congenital syphilis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the positivity of treponemal and non-treponemal tests in cases of congenital syphilis. METHODS: This cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out from the analysis of the database of Disease and Notification Information System (SINAN, in Portuguese) using the data obtained through the Epidemiological Surveillance Group 29, with 639 notifications of congenital syphilis between 2007 and 2018. The data were analyzed by a descriptive and inferential analysis from logistic regression with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: The positivity of the treponemal test was higher by 4.5 times in infants living in rural areas and 19.6 times among those whose mothers obtained the diagnosis of syphilis after birth. The treponemal test showed positivity 3.2 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed between 2007 and 2015" and 5.5 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed with maternal syphilis in the postpartum period." CONCLUSION: This study shows that testing during prenatal care is essential for early diagnosis and prevention of syphilis complications.

Burnout Syndrome in Selectable Athletes for the Brazilian Handball Team-Children Category.

To investigate the presence of burnout syndrome in child athlete tryouts for the Brazilian Handball Team, before and after the National Development and Technical Improvement Camp is of great interest. A correlational study, with longitudinal design of the before-and-after type, carried out with 64 male athletes in the children's category, immersed in the National Camp for Development and Improvement of Handball Technique, in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil, in December 2018. To evaluate burnout syndrome, we used the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). There was a statistically significant increase of the mean scores for burnout and dimensions (Physical and Emotional Exhaustion = 1.5 to 1.6; p-value < 0.001; Reduced Sense of Accomplishment = 2.7 to 2.9; p-value < 0.001; Sports Devaluation = 1.4 to 1.6; p-value < 0.001; and General Burnout = 1.9 to 2.0; p-value < 0.001). The athletes selected for the national team had lower mean scores for general burnout and dimensions (Physical and Emotional Exhaustion = 1.5; Reduced Sense of Accomplishment = 2.7; Sports Devaluation = 1.5; General Burnout = 1.9). The National Camp for Development and Technical Improvement can have a negative impact on the mental health of athletes. This event is important to select the competitors with greater ability to face the pressure and adversities present in the sport environment.

Analysis of the Coping Strategies of Primary Health Care Professionals: Cross-Sectional Study in a Large Brazilian Municipality.

Objective: To analyze the coping strategies used by primary healthcare (PHC) professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study realized with professionals working in primary healthcare units in São José do Rio Preto, a large city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. For data collection, we used an instrument developed by the researchers containing sociodemographic and professional variables, as well as the Problem Coping Modes Scale (EMEP). Results: We evaluated 333 PHC professionals. A difference was observed between the scores of the four coping strategies (p < 0.001), with the highest score for the problem-focused strategy (3.8) and the lowest score for the emotion-focused strategy (2.4). Physicians had the lowest scores in coping strategies focused on religious practices/fantastical thinking (p < 0.001) and pursuit of social support (p = 0.045), while community health agents had the highest scores in these coping strategies. Conclusions: Professionals working in PHC have different coping strategies for the problems and stressful situations experienced in the work environment. These strategies can involve more positive attitudes focused on confrontation and problem solving, and on emotional responses that involve attitudes of avoidance and denial of the problem.

Career commitment and entrenchment among Primary Care nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess career commitment and entrenchment among Primary Care nurses. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out in 2018, with primary care nurses from two cities in the state of São Paulo. The Career Commitment and Entrenchment Scales, validated in Brazil, and consisting of 12 items each, were used, and assess: identity, resilience, and planning, related to commitment; emotional costs, investments, and limitation of career alternatives, related to entrenchment. RESULTS: The mean score of career commitment (61.4 points) was higher than that of career entrenchment (57.8 points); the identity factor had a high level (70.9 points); resilience and career planning obtained medium levels (62.5 and 50.8 points, respectively). Career entrenchment (57.8 points) and its respective factors reached medium levels (investments: 57.7 points; limitation of alternatives: 58.8 points; emotional costs: 57.0 points). CONCLUSION: The nurses showed a predominance of the career commitment relationship, as they showed a greater link of identification and positive relationship than of career stagnation.

Career commitment and entrenchment among Primary Care nurses / Compromiso y atrincheramiento con la carrera entre enfermeros de la Atención Primaria / Comprometimento e entrincheiramento com a carreira entre enfermeiros da Atenção Primária

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess career commitment and entrenchment among Primary Care nurses. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out in 2018, with primary care nurses from two cities in the state of São Paulo. The Career Commitment and Entrenchment Scales, validated in Brazil, and consisting of 12 items each, were used, and assess: identity, resilience, and planning, related to commitment; emotional costs, investments, and limitation of career alternatives, related to entrenchment. Results: The mean score of career commitment (61.4 points) was higher than that of career entrenchment (57.8 points); the identity factor had a high level (70.9 points); resilience and career planning obtained medium levels (62.5 and 50.8 points, respectively). Career entrenchment (57.8 points) and its respective factors reached medium levels (investments: 57.7 points; limitation of alternatives: 58.8 points; emotional costs: 57.0 points). Conclusion: The nurses showed a predominance of the career commitment relationship, as they showed a greater link of identification and positive relationship than of career stagnation.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el compromiso y el atrincheramiento con la carrera entre enfermeros de cuidados de la Atención Primaria a la Salud. Método: Ha sido realizado un estudio transversal en 2018, con enfermeros de la atención primaria de dos ciudades paulistas. Se utilizaron las Escalas de Compromiso y de Atrincheramiento con la Carrera, convalidadas en Brasil, y compuesta por 12 temas cada, que evalúan: identidad, resiliencia y planificación, relacionados al compromiso; costos emocionales, inversiones y limitación de alternativas en la carrera, referentes al atrincheramiento. Resultados: El score promedio del compromiso (61,4 puntos) fue mayor del que el de atrincheramiento con la carrera (57,8 puntos); el factor identidad obtuvo nivel alto (70,9 puntos); resiliencia y planificación en la carrera obtuvieron niveles medios (62,5 y 50,8 puntos, respectivamente). El atrincheramiento con la carrera (57,8 puntos) y sus respectivos factores obtuvieron niveles medios (inversiones: 57,7 puntos; limitación de alternativas: 58,8 puntos; costos emocionales: 57,0 puntos). Conclusión: Los enfermeros presentaron en mayor proporción gran vínculo de compromiso con la carrera, una vez que presentaron mayor vínculo de identificación y relación positiva, más que de estagnación con la carrera.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento com a carreira entre enfermeiros de serviços da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em 2018, com enfermeiros da atenção primária de dois municípios paulistas. Foram utilizadas as Escalas de Comprometimento e de Entrincheiramento com a Carreira, validadas no Brasil, e composta por 12 itens cada, que avaliam: identidade, resiliência e planejamento, relacionados ao comprometimento; custos emocionais, investimentos e limitação de alternativas na carreira, referentes ao entrincheiramento. Resultados: O escore médio do comprometimento (61,4 pontos) foi maior do que o de entrincheiramento com a carreira (57,8 pontos); o fator identidade obteve nível alto (70,9 pontos); resiliência e planejamento na carreira obtiveram níveis médios (62,5 e 50,8 pontos, respectivamente). O entrincheiramento com a carreira (57,8 pontos) e seus respectivos fatores atingiram níveis médios (investimentos: 57,7 pontos; limitação de alternativas: 58,8 pontos; custos emocionais: 57,0 pontos). Conclusão: Os enfermeiros apresentaram predomínio do vínculo de comprometimento com a carreira, pois apresentaram maior vínculo de identificação e relação positiva do que de estagnação com a carreira.

Profile and speech-language rehabilitation of patients with laryngeal cancer. / Perfil e reabilitação fonoaudiológica de pacientes com câncer de laringe.

PURPOSE: to describe the clinical and sociodemographic profile and analyze the voice rehabilitation outcomes of patients with laryngeal cancer. METHODS: cross-sectional study with 204 individuals with laryngeal cancer treated between 1989 and 2015. The variables describing the patients' profile were presented in absolute values (n) and percentage (%). The association between the speech-language therapy outcome and the sociodemographic and clinical characterization variables was verified by means of uni- and multivariate techniques. RESULTS: 95.1% of the patients are male; 53.43% are aged 60 or more; 77.37% have elementary education; 44.12% are in the service industry; 81.63% smoke and consume alcohol; 30.4% are stage T3. Absence of nodules was found in 72.00%, and of metastasis, in 85.6% of patients. The most frequent therapeutic procedure was complete or partial laryngectomy (69.61%). There was an association among education, disease stage, habits, and therapeutic outcome with speech-language therapy (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Several causes can affect the prognosis of vocal rehabilitation in patients with laryngeal cancer. Optimization and diversification of new therapeutic procedures are challenges for these patients' speech-language rehabilitation.

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico e o desfecho da reabilitação fonoaudiológica de pacientes com câncer de laringe. MÉTODO: estudo transversal com 204 pessoas atendidas entre 1989 e 2015. A associação entre desfecho da fonoterapia e variáveis de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínicas foi verificada por técnicas univariadas e multivariadas. RESULTADOS: prevalência do gênero masculino (95,10%), 60 anos ou mais (53,43%), ensino fundamental (77,37%), setor de serviços (44,12), tabagistas e etilistas (81,63%); estágio T3 (30,4%), ausência de nódulos (72,00%) e de metástase (85,6%). O procedimento terapêutico mais frequente foi a laringectomia total ou parcial (69,61%). Houve associação da escolaridade, estágio da doença, hábitos e procedimento terapêutico com desfecho da fonoterapia (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos podem interferir no prognóstico da reabilitação vocal de pessoas com câncer de laringe. A otimização e diversificação de novos procedimentos terapêuticos são desafios na reabilitação fonoaudiológica destas pessoas.

Perfil e reabilitação fonoaudiológica de pacientes com câncer de laringe / Profile and speech-language rehabilitation of patients with laryngeal cancer

RESUMO Objetivo descrever o perfil clínico e sociodemográfico e o desfecho da reabilitação fonoaudiológica de pacientes com câncer de laringe. Método estudo transversal com 204 pessoas atendidas entre 1989 e 2015. A associação entre desfecho da fonoterapia e variáveis de caracterização sociodemográfica e clínicas foi verificada por técnicas univariadas e multivariadas. Resultados prevalência do gênero masculino (95,10%), 60 anos ou mais (53,43%), ensino fundamental (77,37%), setor de serviços (44,12), tabagistas e etilistas (81,63%); estágio T3 (30,4%), ausência de nódulos (72,00%) e de metástase (85,6%). O procedimento terapêutico mais frequente foi a laringectomia total ou parcial (69,61%). Houve associação da escolaridade, estágio da doença, hábitos e procedimento terapêutico com desfecho da fonoterapia (p<0,001). Conclusão fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos podem interferir no prognóstico da reabilitação vocal de pessoas com câncer de laringe. A otimização e diversificação de novos procedimentos terapêuticos são desafios na reabilitação fonoaudiológica destas pessoas.

ABSTRACT Purpose to describe the clinical and sociodemographic profile and analyze the voice rehabilitation outcomes of patients with laryngeal cancer. Methods cross-sectional study with 204 individuals with laryngeal cancer treated between 1989 and 2015. The variables describing the patients' profile were presented in absolute values (n) and percentage (%). The association between the speech-language therapy outcome and the sociodemographic and clinical characterization variables was verified by means of uni- and multivariate techniques. Results 95.1% of the patients are male; 53.43% are aged 60 or more; 77.37% have elementary education; 44.12% are in the service industry; 81.63% smoke and consume alcohol; 30.4% are stage T3. Absence of nodules was found in 72.00%, and of metastasis, in 85.6% of patients. The most frequent therapeutic procedure was complete or partial laryngectomy (69.61%). There was an association among education, disease stage, habits, and therapeutic outcome with speech-language therapy (p<0.001). Conclusion Several causes can affect the prognosis of vocal rehabilitation in patients with laryngeal cancer. Optimization and diversification of new therapeutic procedures are challenges for these patients' speech-language rehabilitation.

Vulnerabilidade de estudantes de Medicina relacionada ao conhecimento sobre tuberculose / Vulnerability of medical students related to knowledge about tuberculosis

Objetivo: Identificar aspectos associados à vulnerabilidade de estudantes de Medicina, relacionada ao conhecimento sobre a tuberculose. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2017, com estudantes do primeiro ao terceiro ano de Medicina. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se tabelas de contingência, com aplicação do odds ratio e intervalo de confiança de 95%, e teste qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher, considerando p≤0,05. Resultados: Participaram 182 estudantes, com predomínio de mulheres (63,2%), faixa etária 21-25 anos (56,6%), matriculados no ciclo básico (61,0%). Os sinais e sintomas mais referidos foram tosse (91,2%), febre (42,3%) e hemoptise (34,1%); a principal causa da doença foi Bacilo de Koch/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (53,8%); o meio de transmissão foi a via respiratória (63,7%) e o meio de prevenção foi evitar contato com a pessoa doente (35,2%). A maioria dos estudantes referiu que a doença tem tratamento (91,8%) e cura (85,2%); o tratamento é realizado por antibioticoterapia (38,5%) e medicação (31,9%). Conclusão: Os estudantes de medicina apresentaram vulnerabilidade relacionada ao conhecimento sobre a doença, o que permite o identificar a existência de lacunas no processo de formação. (AU)

Objective: To identify aspects associated with the vulnerability of medical students, useful for knowledge about tuberculosis. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 2017, with students from the first to the third year of Medicine. For an analysis of the data used contingency tables, with application of odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, and chi-square or Fisher's exact test, considering p≤0.05. Results: 182 students participated, with a predominance of women (63.2%), aged between 21 and 25 years (56.6%), enrolled in the basic cycle (61.0%). The most serious signs and symptoms were (91.2%), fever (42.3%) and hemoptysis (34.1%); the main cause of disease was Koch's Bacillus/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (53.8%); the means of transmission was respiratory (63.7%) and the means of prevention was to avoid contact with a sick person (35.2%). Most students reported that the disease is treated (91.8%) and cured (85.2%); treatment is carried out by antibiotic therapy (38.5%) and medication (31.9%). Conclusion: Medical students detected a useful vulnerability to knowledge about a disease, which allows to identify the presence of gaps in the training process. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar aspectos asociados con la vulnerabilidad de los estudiantes de medicina, útiles para el conocimiento sobre la tuberculosis. Metodología: Estudio transversal, realizado en 2017, con estudiantes del primer al tercer año de Medicina. Para análisis de los datos si utilizo tablas de contingencia, con aplicación de odds ratio e intervalo de confianza del 95%, y chi-cuadrado o prueba exacta de Fisher, considerando p≤0.05. Resultados: Participaron 182 estudiantes, con predominio de mujeres (63.2%), con edades comprendidas entre 21 y 25 años (56.6%), matriculados en el ciclo básico (61.0%). Los signos y síntomas más graves fueron (91,2%), fiebre (42,3%) y hemoptisis (34,1%); la causa principal de la enfermedad fue Bacillus/Mycobacterium tuberculosis de Koch (53.8%); el medio de transmisión fue respiratorio (63.7%) y el medio de prevención fue evitar el contacto con una persona enferma (35.2%). La mayoría de los estudiantes informaron que la enfermedad es tratada (91.8%) y curada (85.2%); El tratamiento se lleva a cabo con antibióticos (38,5%) y medicamentos (31,9%). Conclusión: Los estudiantes de medicina detectaron una vulnerabilidad útil al conocimiento sobre una enfermedad, lo que permite identificar la presencia de brechas en el proceso de capacitación. (AU)

Acesso ao diagnóstico da tuberculose em município brasileiro de médio porte / Access to diagnosis of tuberculosis in Brazilian medium-sized municipality / Acceso al diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en un municipio brasileño de mediano porte

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose, na perspectiva dos doentes. Métodos Estudo transversal, com 108 doentes de tuberculose. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validado para o Brasil, adaptado para atenção a tuberculose, incluiu indicadores socioeconómicos e demográficos, local do diagnóstico e de acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose. A análise dos dados foi de frequência, média, desvio-padrão, intervalo de confiança e teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados A maioria dos casos foi diagnosticada em hospitais (52,8%). O doente procurou a Unidade de Saúde em média três vezes, para conseguir atendimento. Os indicadores dificuldade de deslocamento, gasto com transporte motorizado e consulta no prazo de 24 horas para descoberta da doença foram não satisfatórios e regulares. Conseguir consulta para descobrir a tuberculose em 24 horas, foi não satisfatório. O teste qui-quadrado mostrou associação estatística entre locais de diagnóstico e procura pela unidade de saúde mais próxima da casa. Conclusão O diagnóstico precoce da Tuberculose na Atenção Primária apresenta fragilidades. São muitos desafios a serem enfrentados para o fortalecimento deste nível de atenção a saúde, com capacidade organizacional para a superação das deficiências relacionadas ao doente e ao serviço que dificultam o acesso ao diagnóstico da doença.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetivo Evaluating access to tuberculosis diagnosis, from the perspective of patients. Methods Cross-sectional study with 108 tuberculosis patients. Data were collected using the brazilian instrument Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT-Brazil, adapted for attention to tuberculosis, including socio-economic and demographic indicators, location of diagnosis and diagnostic access tuberculosis. The analysis of the data was of frequency, average, standard deviation, confidence interval and Chi-square test. Results Most cases were diagnosed in hospitals (52.8%). The patient sought the Health Unit on average three times until receiving medical care. The indicators of difficulty of displacement, expenditure on motorized transport and consultation within 24 hours to discover the disease were not satisfactory and regular. The chi-square test showed a statistical association between diagnosis location and seeking the nearest health unit from home. Conclusions There are weaknesses in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary care. There are many challenges to be faced to strengthen this level of health care, with organizational capacity to overcome the shortcomings related to the patient and the service that make it difficult to access the diagnosis of the disease.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el acceso al diagnóstico de tuberculosis, desde la perspectiva de los enfermos. Métodos Estudio transversal con 108 pacientes de tuberculosis. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando el instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool -PCAT-Brasil- . El análisis de los datos incluyeron frecuencia, media, desviación estándar, intervalo de confianza y prueba Chi-cuadrado. Resultados La mayoría de los casos fueron diagnosticados en hospitales (52,8%). El paciente buscó la Unidad de Salud en promedio tres veces, para conseguir atención. Los indicadores dificultad de desplazamiento, gasto con transporte motorizado y consulta en el plazo de 24 horas para el descubrimiento de la enfermedad, no fueron satisfactorios o regulares. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado mostró una asociación estadística entre el lugar de diagnóstico y la búsqueda de la unidad de salud más cercana al hogar. Conclusión El diagnóstico precoz de la tuberculosis en la Atención Primaria presenta fallas. Son muchos los desafíos a enfrentar para mejorar la atención, la capacidad organizacional para superar las deficiencias relacionadas con el enfermo y el servicio, que dificultan el acceso al diagnóstico de la enfermedad.(AU)

Vínculo de las puérperas con sus hijos y experiencias del parto / Vinculação das puérperas com seus filhos e experiências do parto / Puerperae bonding with their children and labor experiences

Objective. To analyze the degree of bonding of puerperae with their babies, both in isolation and associated with experiences during and after labor. Methods. A cross-sectional study carried out among 200 puerperae in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. To evaluate the mother-child bond, we used the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS). Results. The mean age of puerperae was 26.4 years; most women were white (60.0%), were married (87.5%), and had an elementary education (51.5%). Most deliveries were cesarean (80.0% of cases); 68.0% of women had no pain during labor, and only 54% had skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery. Type of labor and pain did not significantly change the maternal bond, and the lack of skin-to-skin contact negatively influenced the bond. Conclusion. Pueperae participants had a high degree of bonding with their babies that is mainly related to history of skin-to-skin contact. Nurses must promote strategies that encourage skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn in the delivery room. (AU)

Objetivo. Analizar el vínculo de las puérperas con sus hijos asociado a las experiencias durante y después del parto. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal realizado con la participación de 200 puérperas de un Hospital Materno-Infantil de São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brasil. Para la evaluación del vínculo madre-hijo se utilizó la escala Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS). Resultados. Las puérperas tenían una media de edad de 26.4 años, predominó la raza blanca (60.0%), estado civil casada (87.5%) y enseñanza media (51.5%). El parto fue por cesárea en el 80.0% de los casos, hubo ausencia de dolor durante el trabajo de parto en 68.0% y solo el 54% efectuó contacto piel a piel inmediatamente después del parto. En cuanto a la MIBS, se encontraron puntajes elevados para el vínculo positivo y bajos puntajes para vínculo negativo y neutro. El tipo de parto y el dolor no se asoció al vínculo madre-hijo, pero la ausencia de contacto piel a piel influenció de forma negativa este vínculo. Conclusión. Las puérperas respondientes presentaron un elevado grado de vínculo con sus bebés el cual se relacionó principalmente con el antecedente de contacto piel a piel. Las enfermeras deben fomentar las estrategias que promuevan el contacto piel a piel de la madre con el recién nacido desde la sala de partos.(AU)

Objetivo. Analisar o grau de vinculação das puérperas com seus filhos, tanto isoladamente quanto associado às experiências durante e após o parto. Métodos. Estudo de corte transversal, realizado com a participação de 200 puérperas de uma maternidade de São José do Rio Preto, Brasil. Para a avaliação do vínculo mãe-filho utilizou-se a escala Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS). Resultados. A média de idade das puérperas foi de 26.4 anos, com predomínio da raça branca (60.0%), o estado civil casadas (87.5%) e ensino médio (51.5%). O parto foi por cesárea em 80.0% dos casos, houve ausência de dor durante o trabalho de parto em 68.0% e apenas 54% efetuaram contato pele a pele imediatamente após o parto. O tipo de parto e a dor não alteraram de forma significativa o vínculo materno, a ausência de contato pele a pele influenciou de forma negativa este vínculo. Conclusão. As puérperas participantes apresentaram um alto grau de vínculo com seus bebês que está relacionado principalmente a uma história de contato pele a pele. Enfermeiros devem promover estratégias que promovam o contato pele a pele entre mãe e recém-nascido na sala de parto.

Atrasos na suspeita e no diagnóstico de tuberculose e fatores relacionados / Delays in tuberculosis suspicion and diagnosis and related factors

RESUMO: Objetivo: Medir os atrasos na suspeita e no diagnóstico de tuberculose (TB) e identificar fatores relacionados. Métodos: O atraso na suspeita foi definido como o tempo entre a percepção, pelo doente, dos sintomas até a procura pelo primeiro atendimento e no diagnóstico, como o tempo entre o primeiro atendimento até a realização do diagnóstico. Foram entrevistados 100 doentes, diagnosticados e notificados em 2008 e 2009, atendidos em serviços de saúde (SSs) de São José do Rio Preto, para os quais foram quantificados os atrasos. As possíveis variáveis explicativas foram obtidas das entrevistas e de informações secundárias disponíveis no sistema de vigilância. Os endereços dos casos e dos serviços de saúde foram geocodificados. As variáveis foram analisadas por regressão linear múltipla e, quando da identificação de dependência espacial dos seus resíduos, por regressão espacial. Resultados: As medianas, tanto para o atraso na suspeita como no diagnóstico, foram 15 dias. O atraso na suspeita foi modelado por regressão linear e mostrou-se associado positivamente com as distâncias percorridas pelos doentes para obter o primeiro atendimento e negativamente com a religião (não cristã). O atraso no diagnóstico foi modelado por regressão espacial e mostrou-se associado positivamente com idade e número de vezes que o doente procurou o SS e negativamente com a classificação do caso (TB pulmonar). Conclusão: O estudo revelou lacunas nas ações de controle da TB relacionadas aos doentes e à organização dos serviços e mostrou a importância de se levar em conta a dependência espacial dos fenômenos analisados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To measure the delays in tuberculosis (TB) suspicion and diagnosis and to identify factors related. Methods: We defined the delay in TB suspicion as the time between the perception of the symptoms by the patient and the search for health-care service and the diagnosis, as the time between the first visit to the health-care service and the diagnosis. We interviewed 100 patients treated at the health services in São José do Rio Preto that were diagnosed and reported/notified in 2008 and 2009, and the delays were quantified. We obtained the possible explanatory variables from interviews and secondary information available in the surveillance system. The addresses of TB patients and health-care services were geocoded. Variables were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis and, when spatial dependency was detected, by spatial regression. Results: The median values for the delays in TB suspicion and diagnosis were both 15 days. The first was modeled by linear regression and a positive relationship was found with the distances covered by the patients in order to get primary health-care service. The last was modeled by spatial regression and a positive relationship was found with the age and the frequency with the patients sought health-care services and a negative relationship with the pulmonary clinical form. Conclusion: The study revealed the existence of gaps in TB control activities related to the patients and the organization of the health-care services and showed the importance of taking into account the spatial dependence of the phenomena analyzed.

Delays in tuberculosis suspicion and diagnosis and related factors.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the delays in tuberculosis (TB) suspicion and diagnosis and to identify factors related. METHODS: We defined the delay in TB suspicion as the time between the perception of the symptoms by the patient and the search for health-care service and the diagnosis, as the time between the first visit to the health-care service and the diagnosis. We interviewed 100 patients treated at the health services in São José do Rio Preto that were diagnosed and reported/notified in 2008 and 2009, and the delays were quantified. We obtained the possible explanatory variables from interviews and secondary information available in the surveillance system. The addresses of TB patients and health-care services were geocoded. Variables were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis and, when spatial dependency was detected, by spatial regression. RESULTS: The median values for the delays in TB suspicion and diagnosis were both 15 days. The first was modeled by linear regression and a positive relationship was found with the distances covered by the patients in order to get primary health-care service. The last was modeled by spatial regression and a positive relationship was found with the age and the frequency with the patients sought health-care services and a negative relationship with the pulmonary clinical form. CONCLUSION: The study revealed the existence of gaps in TB control activities related to the patients and the organization of the health-care services and showed the importance of taking into account the spatial dependence of the phenomena analyzed.