Characterizing spontaneously reported cognitive complaints: the development and reliability of a classification instrument.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics and associated risks of spontaneously reported cognitive complaints have not been investigated due to the lack of a classification instrument. METHODS: In phase 1, a classification system with descriptive categories and cognitive domains was developed by experts through a modified Delphi technique. In phase 2, 180 elderly patients seeking medical attention for cognitive complaints provided free reports of their cognitive difficulties and each complaint was recorded verbatim. Three observers were asked to classify each complaint into a descriptive category. Perceived cognitive function was further characterized using the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q). RESULTS: The patients reported 493 spontaneous complaints, with a range of 1-6 complaints per patient and a mean of 2.7 (±1.3). The proportion of complaints that could be classified into a category by each of the three observers varied from 91.9% to 95.7%. Inter-observer agreement assessed using the κ statistic varied from 0.79 to 1 for descriptive categories and 0.83 to 0.97 for domains. Compared with the MAC-Q, spontaneously reported complaints provided complementary information by avoiding the cueing effect provoked by the questionnaire. The total number of complaints and their occurrences in specific domains were associated with important sociodemographic and clinical factors, indicating that their meaning and associated risks need to be further investigated. CONCLUSION: The instrument developed in this study proved to be a practical tool for classifying the majority of spontaneously reported cognitive complaints with high reliability. Further studies are needed to investigate clinical usefulness of this approach.

Identification and treatment of osteoporosis among elderly patients with hip fractures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the profile of osteoporosis treatment among patients hospitalized due to hip fractures at a tertiary-level university hospital. To compare the impact of hospitalization on approaches toward treating bone mass losses. METHOD: The medical records of 123 hip fracture patients aged 60 years and over at the Institute of Orthopedics, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed and analyzed with respect to approaches towards investigating osteoporosis and treatments before and after fracture. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 78 +/- 8.3 years, and the majority were women (71.54%). The patients had a mean of 2.72 comorbidities and used 3.26 medications on average. Among these patients, 12.3% reported a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, and 5.83% were on medication for this. The mean waiting time for surgery was 6.3 +/- 7.54 days, and seven patients (5.7%) died during the hospitalization. There were no investigations using bone densitometry, no changes in osteoporosis therapy between admission and discharge (p = 0.375), and no reports of referrals for the patient to have access to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Investigations and treatments of osteoporosis and strategies for preventing new fractures were not implemented during the hospitalization of these elderly patients with hip fractures, even though this is the most feared complication of osteoporosis. These data need to be disseminated so that professionals dealing with elderly patients are attentive to the need for primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis because of the impact of fractures on these patients' quality of life, independence, morbidities, and mortality.

Cognitive impairment and driving: a review of the literature / Comprometimento cognitivo e direção veicular: uma revisão da literatura

Abstract: Although some drivers with mild dementia may continue to drive after the condition has been diagnosed, the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely is eventually lost as the disease progresses. Clinicians involved in dementia care are often asked to make an assessment on whether a patient is fit to drive, even though they often lack basic knowledge and formal training in this area. The purpose of this review was to identify the factors that may differentiate safe from unsafe drivers with cognitive impairment and to discuss management strategies. Isolated information about staging measures or particular cognitive tests was found to be insufficient for decision making. Driving fitness counseling for patients with cognitive impairment requires a solid knowledge base, comprehensive assessment and thoughtful communication.

Resumo: Alguns pacientes com demência leve continuam a dirigir após o diagnóstico, mas a habilidade de conduzir um veículo automotor com segurança é perdida à medida que a doença progride. Apesar de muitas vezes não reunirem conhecimento e treinamento formal para essa tarefa, os profissionais de saúde envolvidos na atenção ao paciente com demência precisam emitir recomendações relativas à capacidade desses indivíduos em conduzir um veículo. Essa revisão tem o objetivo de identificar fatores que possam determinar se um indivíduo com comprometimento cognitivo é capaz de conduzir um veículo com segurança. Informações isoladas relativas ao estadiamento ou a testes cognitivos específicos não parecem ser suficientes para uma tomada de decisão apropriada. O aconselhamento nessa situação exige conhecimentos sólidos aplicados a uma avaliação ampla, além de estratégias de comunicação apropriadas ao contexto.

Cognitive impairment and driving: A review of the literature.

Although some drivers with mild dementia may continue to drive after the condition has been diagnosed, the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely is eventually lost as the disease progresses. Clinicians involved in dementia care are often asked to make an assessment on whether a patient is fit to drive, even though they often lack basic knowledge and formal training in this area. The purpose of this review was to identify the factors that may differentiate safe from unsafe drivers with cognitive impairment and to discuss management strategies. Isolated information about staging measures or particular cognitive tests was found to be insufficient for decision making. Driving fitness counseling for patients with cognitive impairment requires a solid knowledge base, comprehensive assessment and thoughtful communication.

Alguns pacientes com demência leve continuam a dirigir após o diagnóstico, mas a habilidade de conduzir um veículo automotor com segurança é perdida à medida que a doença progride. Apesar de muitas vezes não reunirem conhecimento e treinamento formal para essa tarefa, os profissionais de saúde envolvidos na atenção ao paciente com demência precisam emitir recomendações relativas à capacidade desses indivíduos em conduzir um veículo. Essa revisão tem o objetivo de identificar fatores que possam determinar se um indivíduo com comprometimento cognitivo é capaz de conduzir um veículo com segurança. Informações isoladas relativas ao estadiamento ou a testes cognitivos específicos não parecem ser suficientes para uma tomada de decisão apropriada. O aconselhamento nessa situação exige conhecimentos sólidos aplicados a uma avaliação ampla, além de estratégias de comunicação apropriadas ao contexto.

Identification and treatment of osteoporosis among elderly patients with hip fractures

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the profile of osteoporosis treatment among patients hospitalized due to hip fractures at a tertiary-level university hospital. To compare the impact of hospitalization on approaches toward treating bone mass losses. METHOD: The medical records of 123 hip fracture patients aged 60 years and over at the Institute of Orthopedics, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, between 2004 and 2006 were reviewed and analyzed with respect to approaches towards investigating osteoporosis and treatments before and after fracture. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 78 ± 8.3 years, and the majority were women (71.54 percent). The patients had a mean of 2.72 comorbidities and used 3.26 medications on average. Among these patients, 12.3 percent reported a previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, and 5.83 percent were on medication for this. The mean waiting time for surgery was 6.3 ± 7.54 days, and seven patients (5.7 percent) died during the hospitalization. There were no investigations using bone densitometry, no changes in osteoporosis therapy between admission and discharge (p = 0.375), and no reports of referrals for the patient to have access to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Investigations and treatments of osteoporosis and strategies for preventing new fractures were not implemented during the hospitalization of these elderly patients with hip fractures, even though this is the most feared complication of osteoporosis. These data need to be disseminated so that professionals dealing with elderly patients are attentive to the need for primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis because of the impact of fractures on these patients' quality of life, independence, morbidities, and mortality.

Changes in histoanatomical distribution of types I, III and V collagen promote adaptative remodeling in posterior tibial tendon rupture.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a common cause of adult flat foot deformity, and its etiology is unknown. PURPOSE: In this study, we characterized the morphologic pattern and distribution of types I, III and V collagen in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. METHOD: Tendon samples from patients with and without posterior tibial tendon dysfunction were stained by immunofluorescence using antibodies against types I, III and V collagen. RESULTS: Control samples showed that type V deposited near the vessels only, while surgically obtained specimens displayed type V collagen surrounding other types of collagen fibers in thicker adventitial layers. Type III collagen levels were also increased in pathological specimens. On the other hand, amounts of collagen type I, which represents 95% of the total collagen amount in normal tendon, were decreased in pathological specimens. CONCLUSION: Fibrillogenesis in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is altered due to higher expression of types III and V collagen and a decreased amount of collagen type I, which renders the originating fibrils structurally less resistant to mechanical forces.

Clinical conditions and memory complaints in outpatient elderly.

Memory complaints are common in elderly, and may be associated with many clinical problems. OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical conditions and possible factors related to memory complaints in elderly outpatients presenting at a tertiary unit. METHODS: Patients with memory complaints and normal cognitive screening tests were submitted to clinical and laboratorial testing. Radiological evaluation was performed as needed for diagnosis. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-seven subjects were initially evaluated, 12 were excluded because of poor and inconsistent memory complaints. Of the remainder, seventeen had criteria for dementia diagnosis. Ninety-two (55.4%) had one or more comorbid conditions possibly related to their complaints. Major depression was present in 26.0%. Sixteen patients (9.6%) had vitamin B12 deficiency, 8 were in use of inappropriate medications, and 7 (4.2%) had hypothyroidism. Other conditions diagnosed were: generalized anxiety disorder, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, normal pressure hydrocephalus. Three patients had severe hearing loss (in 22 with hearing complaints); one had severe visual impairment (in 22 with visual complaints). CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive evaluation was able to identify treatable conditions possibly related to memory complaints.

Queixas de memória são comuns em idosos, podendo estar associadas a diversos problemas clínicos. OBJETIVO: Identificar condições clínicas e fatores relacionadas a queixas de memória em pacientes idosos encaminhados a um serviço terciário. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com queixas de memória e testes de rastreio cognitivo normal foram submetidos a avaliação clínica detalhada e testes laboratoriais, além de avaliação radiológica quando necessário para o diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Cento e setenta e sete pacientes foram inicialmente avaliados, sendo 12 excluídos devido a queixas frustras e inconsistentes de memória. Dos restantes, 17 preenchiam critérios clínicos para diagnóstico de demência. Noventa e dois (55,4%) apresentavam uma ou mais condições clínicas possivelmente relacionadas às queixas. Depressão maior estava presente em 26%. Dezesseis pacientes (9,6%) tinham deficiência de vitamina B12, 8 estavam em uso de medicações inapropriadas e 7 (4,2%), hipotireoidismo. Outras condições diagnosticadas foram: transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono, hiperparatireoidismo e hidrocefalia de pressão normal. Três pacientes apresentavam hipoacusia grave (em 22 com queixas auditivas), e 1 apresentava perda visual grave (em 22 com queixas visuais). CONCLUSÕES: Avaliação detalhada pode identificar diversas condições clínicas tratáveis, possivelmente relacionadas às queixas de memória.

Changes in histoanatomical distribution of types I, III and V collagen promote adaptative remodeling in posterior tibial tendon rupture

INTRODUCTION: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a common cause of adult flat foot deformity, and its etiology is unknown. PURPOSE: In this study, we characterized the morphologic pattern and distribution of types I, III and V collagen in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. METHOD: Tendon samples from patients with and without posterior tibial tendon dysfunction were stained by immunofluorescence using antibodies against types I, III and V collagen. RESULTS: Control samples showed that type V deposited near the vessels only, while surgically obtained specimens displayed type V collagen surrounding other types of collagen fibers in thicker adventitial layers. Type III collagen levels were also increased in pathological specimens. On the other hand, amounts of collagen type I, which represents 95 percent of the total collagen amount in normal tendon, were decreased in pathological specimens. CONCLUSION: Fibrillogenesis in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is altered due to higher expression of types III and V collagen and a decreased amount of collagen type I, which renders the originating fibrils structurally less resistant to mechanical forces.

Anticorpos antimatriz extracelular e antiaorta em pacientes com arterite de Takayasu / Anti-extracellular matrix and anti-aorta antibodies in patients with Takayasu's arteritis

Os componentes de matriz extracelular têm sido amplamente pesquisados nos últimos anos quanto ao seu papel na patogênese de diversas doenças difusas do tecido conjuntivo e síndromes vasculares. No caso da arterite de Takayasu, muito pouco se sabe sobre o assunto e são propostas teorias relacionadas com a participação da imunidade celular ou hormonal para explicar a causa desta doença. Neste sentido, avaliamos a imunidade humoral nesta patologia. Objetivos: Pesquisar anticorpos contra componentes da matriz extracelular, incluindo a identificação de anticorpos anticolágeno e antiaorta. Métodos: Soros de 13 pacientes com arterite de Takayasu e de 8 pacientes normais foram utilizados para pesquisa de auto-anticorpos anticolágeno tipos I, III, IV e V e antiaorta pelo método ELISA. Resultados: Soros dos pacientes com arterite de Takayasu revelaram-se negativos para colágenos dos tipos III e IV a apenas um paciente apresentou positividade para os tipos I e V, enquanto todos os soros de pacientes com arterite de Takayasu revelaram-se negativos para anticorpos anti-aorta. Conclusões: Nossos dados demonstraram que as freqüências de anticorpos anticolágenos dos tipos I, III, IV e V não estiveram significativamente aumentadas no soro de pacientes com arterite de Takayasu, assim como os anticorpos antiextrato de aorta, sugerindo que a etiopatogenia desta vasculite esteja possivelmente relacionada com distúrbio de imunidade celular