Bridging and downstaging with TACE in early and intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictors of receiving a liver transplant.

Background and Aims: In patients with surgically unresectable early and intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), only liver transplant (LT) offers a cure. Locoregional therapies, such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), are widely used to bridge patients waiting for an LT or downstage tumors beyond Milan Criteria (MC). However, there are no formal guidelines on the number of TACE procedures patients should receive. Our study explores the extent to which repeated TACE might offer diminishing gains toward LT. Approach: We retrospectively analyzed 324 patients with BCLC stage A and B HCC who had received TACE with the intention of disease downstaging or bridging to LT. In addition to baseline demographics, we collected data on LT status, survival, and the number of TACE procedures. Overall survival (OS) rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and correlative studies were calculated using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Results: Out of 324 patients, 126 (39%) received an LT, 32 (25%) of whom had responded favorably to TACE. LT significantly improved OS: HR 0.174 (0.094-0.322, P < .001). However, the LT rate significantly decreased if patients received ≥3 vs < 3 TACE procedures (21.6% vs 48.6%, P < .001). If their cancer was beyond MC after the third TACE, the LT rate was 3.7%. Conclusions: An increased number of TACE procedures may have diminishing returns in preparing patients for LT. Our study suggests that alternatives to LT, such as novel systemic therapies, should be considered for patients whose cancers are beyond MC after three TACE procedures.

Alcohol-associated liver disease predicts increased post-liver transplant opioid use.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a rising indication for liver transplantation (LT). Prolonged opioid use after LT leads to increased graft loss and mortality. The aim is to determine if patients transplanted with a primary diagnosis of ALD had higher risk of post-LT opioid use (p-LTOU) compared to non-ALD patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent LT between 2015 and 2018 at Medstar Georgetown Transplant Institute. Patients with prolonged hospitalization post-LT (>90 days), death within 90 days post-LT, and re-transplants were excluded. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety seven patients were transplanted, among 29% for indications of ALD. ALD patients were younger (52 vs. 56 years), more likely to be male (76% vs. 61%), Caucasian (71% vs. 44%), have higher MELD (28.8±8.8 vs. 25±8.8), and psychiatric disease than non-ALD patients (P < .05). There was no difference in pre-LT use of opioids, tobacco, marijuana, or illicit drugs between ALD and non-ALD patients. Pre-LT opioid use (OR = 11.7, P < .001), ALD (OR = 2.5, P = .01), and MELD score (OR = .95, P = .02) independently predicted 90-day p-LTOU. CONCLUSIONS: ALD, pre-LT opioid use, and MELD score independently predict p-LTOU. Special attention should be paid to identify post-LT prolonged opioid use in ALD patients.

Postoperative Myocardial Injury and Outcomes in Liver and Kidney Transplant Patients.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) is associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE), but its significance post-liver and post-kidney transplantation is not well-defined. METHODS/MATERIALS: We retrospectively studied consecutive patients undergoing single-organ liver or kidney transplantation at a large tertiary transplant center. Liver and kidney transplant patients with troponins drawn within 30 days of transplantation were included. The primary exposure was MINS, defined as troponin elevation above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit within 30 days of transplantation. The primary outcome was MACE, defined as death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, stroke, or heart failure hospitalization. RESULTS: Overall, 112 patients were included: 58 (51.7%) were liver transplant recipients, and 54 (48.3%) were kidney transplant recipients. Patients with MINS were significantly older (mean age 59 vs. 54 years, p = 0.01) and more likely to have diabetes (35% vs. 17%, p = 0.03). Other baseline characteristics were similar. Sixteen patients (14.2%) developed MACE, including 11 (9.8%) with 1-year MACE. MINS patients were significantly more likely to develop 1-year MACE (adjusted hazard ratio, 10.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-198). Kaplan-Meier cumulative MACE was significantly higher in the MINS group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Liver and kidney transplant recipients with MINS are significantly more likely to develop 1-year MACE compared to those without MINS. Future prospective studies are needed to further delineate the cardiac risk and outcomes in transplanted patients.

Risk factors for bleeding hepatocellular adenoma in a United States cohort.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Known risk factors for hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) bleeding are size >5 cm, growth rate, visible vascularity, exophytic lesions, ß-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog activated HCAs. Most studies are based on European cohorts. The objective of this study is to identify additional risk factors for HCA bleeding in a US cohort. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed with HCA on magnetic resonance imaging (n = 184) at an academic tertiary institution. Clinical, pathological, and imaging data were collected. Primary outcomes measured were HCA bleeding and malignancy. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.4 using Chi-Square, Fisher's exact test, sample t test, non-parametric Wilcoxon test, and logistic regression. RESULTS: After excluding patients whose pathology showed focal nodular hyperplasia and non-adenoma lesions, follow-up data were available for 167 patients. 16% experienced microscopic or macroscopic bleeding and 1.2% had malignancy. HCA size predicted bleeding (P < .0001) and no patients with lesion size <1.8 cm bled. In unadjusted analysis, hepatic adenomatosis (≥10 lesions) trended towards 2.8-fold increased risk of bleeding. Of patients with a single lesion that bled, 77% bled from a lesion >5 cm. In patients with multiple HCAs that bled, 50% bled from lesions <5 cm. In patients with multiple adenomas, size (P = .001) independently predicted bleeding and hepatic steatosis trended towards increased risk of bleeding (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: In a large US cohort, size predicted increased risk of HCA bleeding while hepatic adenomatosis trended towards increased risk of bleeding. In patients with multiple HCAs, size predicted bleeding and hepatic steatosis trended toward increased risk of bleeding.

Pre-Operative Cardiovascular Testing before Liver Transplantation.

End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is increasingly prevalent and shares many risk factors with coronary artery disease (CAD). No specific guidelines exist for pre-liver transplant evaluation of CAD, and pretransplant cardiovascular testing varies widely. The aim of this study is to characterize pre-transplant cardiac testing practices with post-transplant clinical outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing initial liver transplantation at our transplant center between January 2015 and March 2019. Patients with previous liver transplantation or multi-organ transplantation were excluded. Electronic medical records were reviewed for relevant demographic and clinical data. We included 285 patients with a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. Of 274 patients (96.1%) with pre-transplant transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), 18 (6.6%) were abnormal. Non-invasive ischemic testing was performed in 193 (68%) patients: 165 (58%) underwent stress TTE, 24 (8%) underwent myocardial perfusion imaging, 3 underwent coronary computed tomography, and 1 underwent exercise electrocardiogram. Sixteen patients (6%) had left heart catheterization of which 10 (63%) were abnormal and 5 proceeded to revascularization before transplant. There were 4 (1.4%) deaths within 30 days of transplant and 23 deaths (8.1%) in total. ST-elevation myocardial infarction was seen in 1 patient within 30 days and 1 patient after 30 days (0.7% total). No cardiovascular deaths were observed. Among patients undergoing liver transplantation, pre-transplantation cardiovascular testing is exceedingly common and post-transplant cardiovascular complications are rare. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal testing and surveillance in this patient population.

Direct-acting antiviral regimens are safe and effective in the treatment of hepatitis C in simultaneous liver-kidney transplant recipients.

Hepatitis C (HCV) remains the single most common etiology of end-stage liver disease leading to simultaneous liver/kidney transplant (SLKT) and has worse post-transplant survival compared to non-HCV patients. We aim to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of the all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents with or without ribavirin (RBV) in the treatment of HCV recurrence post-SLKT. Thirty-four patients were studied retrospectively, composed predominantly of treatment-naïve (73.5%) non-Caucasian (61.8%) males (82.4%) infected with genotype 1a (64.7%). 94.1% reached a sustained virologic response (SVR) after 24 weeks (32/34 patients), without difference between 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. 64.7% had no clinical side effects. Three deaths occurred, all unrelated to treatment. One patient had liver rejection; tacrolimus was increased and prednisone was initiated while HCV treatment was continued and the patient ultimately achieved SVR. No liver graft losses. No kidney rejection or losses. We demonstrated that DAA combinations with or without RBV result in a remarkable SVR rate and tolerated in the majority of the studied SLKT patients. It is safe to wait to treat until post-kidney transplant and therefore increase the donor pool for these patients. Our cohort is ethnically diverse, making our results generalizable.

Extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A multinational, prospective, controlled, randomized trial.

Severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH) is associated with a poor prognosis. There is no proven effective treatment for sAH, which is why early transplantation has been increasingly discussed. Hepatoblastoma-derived C3A cells express anti-inflammatory proteins and growth factors and were tested in an extracorporeal cellular therapy (ELAD) study to establish their effect on survival for subjects with sAH. Adults with sAH, bilirubin ≥8 mg/dL, Maddrey's discriminant function ≥ 32, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score ≤ 35 were randomized to receive standard of care (SOC) only or 3-5 days of continuous ELAD treatment plus SOC. After a minimum follow-up of 91 days, overall survival (OS) was assessed by using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. A total of 203 subjects were enrolled (96 ELAD and 107 SOC) at 40 sites worldwide. Comparison of baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between groups and within subgroups. There was no significant difference in serious adverse events between the 2 groups. In an analysis of the intent-to-treat population, there was no difference in OS (51.0% versus 49.5%). The study failed its primary and secondary end point in a population with sAH and with a MELD ranging from 18 to 35 and no upper age limit. In the prespecified analysis of subjects with MELD < 28 (n = 120), ELAD was associated with a trend toward higher OS at 91 days (68.6% versus 53.6%; P = .08). Regression analysis identified high creatinine and international normalized ratio, but not bilirubin, as the MELD components predicting negative outcomes with ELAD. A new trial investigating a potential benefit of ELAD in younger subjects with sufficient renal function and less severe coagulopathy has been initiated. Liver Transplantation 24 380-393 2018 AASLD.

Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir is effective and well tolerated in postkidney transplant patients with chronic hepatitis C virus.

Patients with end-stage renal diseases on hemodialysis have a high prevalence of hepatitis C infection (HCV). In most patients, treatment for HCV is delayed until postrenal transplant. We assessed the effectiveness and tolerance of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) in 32 postkidney transplant patients infected with HCV. The group was composed predominantly of treatment-naïve (75%) African American (68.75%) males (75%) infected with genotype 1a (62.5%). Most patients received a deceased donor kidney graft (78.1%). A 96% sustained viral response (SVR) was reported (27/28 patients). One patient relapsed. One patient with baseline graft dysfunction developed borderline rejection. No graft loss was reported. Six HIV-coinfected patients were included in our analysis. Five of these patients achieved SVR 12. There were four deaths, and one of the deaths was in the HIV group. None of the deaths were attributed to therapy. Coinfected patients tolerated therapy well with no serious adverse events. Serum creatinine remained stable at baseline, end of therapy, and last follow-up, (1.351±.50 mg/dL; 1.406±.63 mg/dL; 1.290±.39 mg/dL, respectively). In postkidney transplant patients with HCV infection with or without coinfection with HIV, a combination of LDV/SOF was well tolerated and effective.

Factors influencing decisions about a career in hepatology: A survey of gastroenterology fellows.

Despite an unmet need for hepatologists in the United States, every year transplant hepatology (TH) fellowship positions remain unfilled. To address this, we investigated factors that influence trainee decisions about pursuing a career in hepatology. We invited current gastroenterology (GI) and TH fellows from all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited programs for the academic year 2014-2015 to participate in an online survey about factors influencing decisions to train in hepatology. The same paper-based survey was distributed at a nationally recognized GI board review course. The survey was completed by 180 participants of which 91% were current GI or TH fellows and 24% were not aware of the pilot 3-year combined GI and TH training program. A majority of respondents (57%) reported that a shorter time (3 versus 4 years) to become board certification eligible would influence their decisions to pursue TH. The most common reasons for not pursuing hepatology were less endoscopy time (67%), additional length of training (64%), and lack of financial compensation (44%). Personal satisfaction (66%), management of complex multisystem disease (60%), and long-term relationships with patients (57%) were the most attractive factors. Sixty-one percent of participants reported having a mentor, and 94% of those with mentors reported that their mentors influenced their career decisions. Conclusion: We have identified several factors that affect fellows' decision to pursue TH. Shorter training, increased financial compensation, and increased endoscopy time are potentially modifiable factors that may increase the number of trainees seeking careers in hepatology and help alleviate the deficit of hepatologists. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:347-353).

Sofosbuvir plus ledispasvir for recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) is associated with worse outcomes. The combination of ledipasvir (LDV) and sofosbuvir (SOF) has been approved for HCV treatment after LT, but there are limited data on the effectiveness and safety of LDV/SOF in the "real-world" setting. This multicenter study is the largest report to date on the effectiveness and safety of LDV/SOF in the post-LT setting. A total of 204 patients (72% male, 68% Caucasian, 66% genotype [GT] 1a, 21% METAVIR F3-F4, 49% treatment-experienced) were treated with LDV/SOF. The mean duration from LT to treatment initiation was 4.8 years. The overall sustained virological response rate 12 weeks after completion of therapy (SVR12) was 96%. Patients treated with 8 or 12 weeks of LDV/SOF without RBV experienced an SVR12 rate of 100% and 96%, respectively. Calcineurin inhibitors were used in 89% of patients, and 32% of patients underwent adjustment in immunosuppression during treatment. One episode of mild rejection, responsive to an increase in immunosuppression dosage, was observed. There was no graft loss attributed to HCV treatment. Four deaths occurred unrelated to HCV treatment, and no significant serious adverse events were documented. In conclusion, SOF and LDV with or without RBV for 8, 12, or 24 weeks in post-LT patients was effective and safe with a high SVR12 rate across a spectrum of GTs and stages of fibrosis. Liver Transplantation 22 1536-1543 2016 AASLD.

Intratumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell Densities Associated with Relapse-Free Survival in HCC.

Immune cells that infiltrate a tumor may be a prognostic factor for patients who have had surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The density of intratumoral total (CD3(+)) and cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T lymphocytes was measured in the tumor interior and in the invasive margin of 65 stage I to IV HCC tissue specimens from a single cohort. Immune cell density in the interior and margin was converted to a binary score (0, low; 1, high), which was correlated with tumor recurrence and relapse-free survival (RFS). In addition, the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was correlated with the density of CD3(+) and CD8(+) cells and clinical outcome. High densities of both CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both the interior and margin, along with corresponding Immunoscores, were significantly associated with a low rate of recurrence (P = 0.007) and a prolonged RFS (P = 0.002). In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for vascular invasion and cellular differentiation, both CD3(+) and CD8(+) cell densities predicted recurrence, with odds ratios of 5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-21.8] for CD3(+) and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1-14.1) for CD8(+) Positive PD-L1 staining was correlated with high CD3 and CD8 density (P = 0.024 and 0.005, respectively) and predicted a lower rate of recurrence (P = 0.034), as well as prolonged RFS (P = 0.029). Immunoscore and PD-L1 expression, therefore, are useful prognostic markers in patients with HCC who have undergone primary tumor resection. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 419-30. ©2016 AACR.

Co-management between hospitalist and hepatologist improves the quality of care of inpatients with chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND GOALS: Our institution shifted the care of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) from Internal Medicine faculty, house staff, and consulting hepatology service to a co-managed unit staffed by academic hospitalists and hepatologists. The effect of co-management between hospitalists and hepatologists on the care of patients hospitalized with complications of CLD such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is unknown. STUDY: A retrospective chart review of 56 adult patients admitted with CLD and SBP from July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2010 was performed. Adherence rates to current management guidelines were measured along with costs and outcomes of care. RESULTS: Patients admitted under the 2 models of care were similar; however, they consistently underwent paracentesis within 24 hours (100% vs. 79%, P=0.013), had appropriate avoidance of fresh-frozen plasma use (75% vs. 43%, P=0.05), received albumin (97% vs. 65%, P=0.002), and were discharged on SBP prophylaxis (91% vs. 37%, P<0.001) under the co-managed model compared with the conventional model. Costs of care were similar between the 2 groups. We note a trend toward improved outcomes of care under the co-management model as measured by transfer rates to the intensive care unit, inpatient mortality, 30-day readmission, and mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: These results support co-management between hospitalists and hepatologists as a superior model of care for hospitalized patients with SBP. Furthermore, this study adds to the growing literature indicating that efforts are needed to improve the quality of care delivered to CLD patients.

Aspirin-Induced Acute Liver Injury.

Aspirin is thought to be a relatively safe drug in adults. The association of aspirin and Reye syndrome in children is well documented. We report a 41-year-old female with pericarditis who was treated with high-dose aspirin and developed subsequent acute liver injury. After discontinuation of aspirin, liver enzyme elevation and right upper quadrant pain both resolved. We conclude that high-dose aspirin should be considered as a potentially hepatotoxic agent.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: a pooled analysis of accuracy, perioperative and long term cardiovascular prognosis.

Pre-transplant evaluation for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) commonly includes a cardiac evaluation using dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). We performed a quantitative systematic review assessing DSE's use in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) and predicting perioperative and long term cardiac events in patients undergoing OLT. Published studies in pubmed were accessed using keyword searches and bibliographic review. Included studies evaluated the use of DSE in patients undergoing OLT, including its accuracy for detection of CAD, and in predicting perioperative and long term cardiac prognosis for both hard (myocardial infarction, cardiac death, cardiac arrest, and asystole) and soft cardiac events (all other events that were cardiovascular in nature). We calculated DSE's sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV) in the above areas. We identified 7 studies, including a total of 580 patients, which included 4 accuracy studies (n = 110 patients), 4 perioperative studies, and 3 long term studies. Accuracy for CAD included a sensitivity of 0.32, specificity of 0.78, PPV of 0.37, and NPV of 0.75. Accuracy for prediction of perioperative hard and soft cardiac events was a sensitivity of 0.20 and 0, specificity of 0.99 and 0.99, PPV of 0.33 and 0, and NPV of 0.98 and 0.89, respectively. For long term hard and soft cardiac events, sensitivity was 0.5 and 0, specificity 0.99 and 0.98, PPV 0.33 and 0, and NPV 0.99 and 0.96, respectively. DSE has a limited accuracy for the detection of CAD in candidates for OLT. However, among those patients selected for OLT, the negative predictive value of DSE for both perioperative and long term cardiac events is high.

Polypharmacy and comorbidity are associated with a lower early virologic response in hepatitis C patients treated with first generation protease inhibitor triple therapy: a preliminary analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The protease inhibitors (PIs) boceprevir and telaprevir are currently standard treatment as part of triple therapy regimens (TTx) for chronic HCV genotype 1 (GT1) patients. In this preliminary analysis, we have compared demographic variables, polypharmacy, and Charlson's comorbid index (CCI) with Rapid Virological Response (RVR) and extended RVR (eRVR) rates in HCV GT1 patients receiving PI containing TTx. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive cohort study. RESULTS: Among 74 HCV patients (46 M, 28 F; age: 54.43 ± 9.52 years; African Americans: 59.5 %) in this initial analysis, 44 % achieved RVR. All these RVR patients also achieved eRVR. Patients achieving RVR and eRVR were 50 ± 11.7 (mean ± SD) years old, compared to 58 ± 5.2 years without an RVR (p < 0.005). The average number of medications taken by patients achieving RVR and eRVR was 5 ± 2.7 compared to 9.24 ± 3.4 in patients not achieving RVR and eRVR (p < 0.005). Twenty-five percent of patients who were not on CYP3A4 inhibitors had an RVR and eRVR compared to 63.2 % who were taking CYP3A4 inhibitors (p = 0.001). Patients achieving RVR and eRVR had a lower CCI (1.61 ± 1.37) compared to those not achieving RVR and eRVR (2.8 ± 2.7; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis also revealed a significant correlation between increased polypharmacy and CCI with lower RVR and eRVR rates. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary treatment data demonstrate that increased polypharmacy and higher degrees of comorbidity decrease RVR and eRVR rates among patients receiving first generation PI-containing TTx regimens.

Potential consequences of healthcare recommendations: a focus on the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

UNLABELLED: Healthcare guidelines and recommendations have broad-reaching impact. They serve as the evidence to enforce medical testing by establishing a bar for standard of care through their intrinsic credibility but also by affecting reimbursement. In this article, we discuss the various organizations in the United States that develop healthcare policy and guidelines. We focus on the recent recommendations for hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening put forward by these agencies and the potential effect of these documents. Additional discussion is provided on the recent draft HCV screening recommendations provided by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), comparison of these to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, and professional societies' response to these. CONCLUSION: As written, the USPSTF recommendations may reduce physician adoption of HCV screening in the 1945-1965 birth cohort as advocated by the CDC. Conflicting guidelines may further confuse providers and the public. This will ultimately hinder recognition of chronic HCV in an otherwise easily identifiable, high prevalence group, allowing progression of disease at a time when therapeutic advances make cure a realistic opportunity for many.

Persistent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a common complication in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and a high score in the model for end-stage liver disease.

OBJECTIVES: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is associated with a high mortality rate. After antibiotic therapy, improvement in fluid polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell count is expected within 2 days. However, our institution recognized cases unresponsive to standard treatment. METHODS: To study these recalcitrant cases, we completed a retrospective chart review of patients admitted for SBP to the University of Chicago from 2002 to 2007. SBP was defined by an ascitic PMN cell count ≥250/ml. RESULTS: Of 55 patients with SBP, 15 did not show improvement in fluid PMN cell count to below 250/ml with standard treatment, leading to a prevalence of 27%. The patients with persistent SBP were younger than those with nonpersistent SBP [mean (SD) 51.80 (9.84) compared with 58.13 (8.79); p = 0.0253]. Persistent SBP had a higher serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) [median (Q1, Q3) 1.85 (1.50, 2.41) compared with 1.10 (0.60, 1.60)] and a higher score in the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) [mean (SD) 27.98 (8.09) compared with 22.22 (8.10)] than nonpersistent SBP patients; p = 0.027 and p = 0.023, respectively. In addition, persistent SBP patients were more likely to have a positive ascitic fluid culture than nonpersistent SBP patients [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) 4.33 (1.21, 15.47); p = 0.024]. Importantly, in-hospital mortality in the persistent SBP group was 40%, compared with 22.5% in the nonpersistent SBP group [OR = 2.30 (0.64, 8.19); p = 0.20]. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of persistent SBP is nearly 40% in patients with MELD score >25, SAAG >1.5 or positive ascitic fluid culture. Furthermore, patients who develop persistent SBP tend to experience a higher mortality rate. This study underscores the importance of further examination of this vulnerable population.