Central Venous Reflux, a Rare Cause of Neurological Manifestations in Hemodialysis Patients: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Central venous disease (CVD) is a serious complication in hemodialysis patients. Neurological manifestations are rare. We describe a female with end-stage renal disease with throbbing headache accompanied by paresthesia, weakness, and abnormal posture of her right hand during dialysis sessions. Motor symptoms completely resolved after each dialysis session, although the headaches persisted for several hours. No neurological deficit was evidenced on physical examination. Digital subtraction angiography identified an incomplete thrombosis of the left brachiocephalic vein with retrograde flow in the internal jugular vein, sigmoid sinus, and transverse sinus on the left side. This case illustrates that cerebral venous congestion due to CVD can produce neurological symptoms. Furthermore, we systematically review the literature to identify the characteristics of the cases described so far. This allows clinicians to know the entity and have a high index of suspicion in a hemodialysis patient who develops neurological symptoms.

[Long-term psychosocial impact in young stroke survivors: a frequent but often under diagnosed complication]. / Impacto psicosocial del ataque cerebral en pacientes jóvenes: una complicación frecuente y habitualmente sub-diagnosticada.

INTRODUCTION: Approximately 15% of all strokes occur in young patients, affecting them in the most productive years of their lives. Currently, there is limited information (particularly in Latin America) regarding the long-term psychosocial consequences of stroke in young patients. Therefore, the objective of our study was to analyze the functional impact of stroke in this group of patients, regarding both cognitive and psychosocial aspects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to outpatients with ischemic stroke between 16 and 55 years of age in two centers of Argentina. The following variables were compared in depressed and non-depressed individuals: NIHSS, modified Rankin Score, Mini-Mental State Examination, Barthel Index, as well as clinical-demographic variables. A BDI score greater than 10 was considered as marker of depression. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients with cerebral infarction were included, 67% (n = 23) were women, mean age: 45.53 ± 9.78 years (range: 21-59). Eleven patients (33%) had depression; 50% of the population was unable to continue with their previous job and 15% divorced or separated from their partner after the vascular event. The stroke recurrence rate was 0.03%. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of patients with depressive symptoms was observed. It should be noted that, in the majority, symptoms of depression had not been recognized and the patients were under-treated. Likewise, depression spread persistently after several years of the cerebrovascular event. Likewise, a significant proportion of patients were not able to re-insert themselves into their usual work activity. Moreover, stroke also had an important impact on their affective relationships. Treatment of depression after stroke should be particularly considered in these individuals due to their long-term survival, and should be offered to achieve the highest possible quality of recovery after stroke.

Ischemic stroke of the "hand knob area": A case series and literature review.

Isolated hand paresis may reflect an infarction of the "hand knob area", which represents less than 1% of all ischemic strokes. In this type of stroke, a potential source of embolism is often identified. There are no large case series regarding this topic in Latin America. Herein we present the largest cohort of this entity in the region and we compare our results with those previously published. We analyzed all stroke patients admitted to our hospital between May 2015 - June 2018. Only patients with motor +/- sensory deficits restricted to the hand and ischemic stroke confirmed by MRI were included. We assessed stroke mechanism, clinical characteristics and outcome. From 339 patients admitted with ischemic stroke, 12 (3.53%) were included (9 men, 75%). Mean age: 60.4 years-old (range:24-79). Localization of stroke: 8 patients (66%) precentral gyrus, 3 (25%) postcentral; in 1 both gyri were affected. Stroke mechanism according to TOAST classification was as follows: two patients (16%) large artery atherosclerosis, two cardioembolic, one other determined etiology (thrombophilia), seven (58%) undetermined etiology (SUE). Nine patients (75%) received antiplatelets and statins, and three (25%) anticoagulants. The mean follow-up period was 11 months (range 1-26). Stroke recurrence was observed in one patient. At follow up, eight patients (66%) had a modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 0 and one a mRS of 1. In conclusion, in this series the most prevalent stroke mechanism was SUE, mainly embolic stroke of undetermined source. The outcome was excellent regardless of stroke mechanism.