Anxiety Predicts Worse Cardiorespiratory Fitness Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation for Lower Socioeconomic Status Patients.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to show that patients in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) with lower socioeconomic status (SES) have worse clinical profiles and higher rates of psychiatric difficulties and they have lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) improvements from CR than their counterparts with higher SES. Improvement in CRF during CR predicts better long-term health outcomes. Research suggests that higher anxiety impairs CRF in structured exercise regimes and is overrepresented among patients with lower SES. However, no study has determined whether this relationship holds true in CR. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial to improve CR attendance among patients with lower SES. Anxiety (ASEBA ASR; Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, Adult Self Report) and CRF measures (metabolic equivalent tasks [METs peak ]) were collected prior to CR enrollment and 4 mo later. Regression was used to examine the association of anxiety with CRF at 4 mo while controlling for other demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Eight-eight participants were included in the analyses, 31% of whom had clinically significant levels of anxiety ( T ≥ 63). Higher anxiety significantly predicted lower exit CRF when controlling for baseline CRF, age, sex, qualifying diagnosis, and number of CR sessions attended ( ß =-.05, P = .04). Patients with clinically significant levels of anxiety could be expected to lose >0.65 METs peak in improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that anxiety, which is overrepresented in populations with lower SES, is associated with less CRF improvement across the duration of CR. The effect size was clinically meaningful and calls for future research on addressing psychological factor in CR.

Lower-Socioeconomic Status Patients Have Extremely High-Risk Factor Profiles on Entry to Cardiac Rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: Patients with lower socioeconomic status (SES) have higher rates of cardiovascular events, yet are less likely to engage in secondary prevention such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Given the low number of lower-SES patients entering CR, characterization of this population has been difficult. Our CR program specifically increased recruitment of lower-SES patients, allowing for careful comparison of medical, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors between lower- and higher-SES patients eligible for secondary prevention. METHODS: Demographic and clinical characteristics were prospectively gathered on consecutive individuals entering phase 2 CR from January 2014 to December 2022. Patients were classified as lower SES if they had Medicaid insurance. Statistical methods included chi-square and nonpaired t tests. A P value of <.01 was used to determine significance. RESULTS: The entire cohort consisted of 3131 individuals. Compared with higher-SES patients, lower-SES individuals (n = 405; 13%) were a decade younger (57.1 ± 10.4 vs 67.2 ± 11.2 yr), 5.8 times more likely to be current smokers (29 vs 5%), 1.7 times more likely to have elevated depressive symptoms, and significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin A 1c , with more abnormal lipid profiles (all P s < .001). Despite being a decade younger, lower-SES patients had lower measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported physical function (both P s < .001). CONCLUSION: Lower-SES patients have a remarkably prominent high-risk cardiovascular disease profile, resulting in a substantially higher risk for a recurrent coronary event than higher-SES patients. Accordingly, efforts must be made to engage this high-risk population in CR. It is incumbent on CR programs to ensure that they are appropriately equipped to intervene on modifiable risk factors such as low cardiorespiratory fitness, obesity, depression, and smoking.

Financial incentives and case management to improve cardiac rehabilitation participation among patients with lower socio-economic status: Rationale and protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Participation in phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is associated with significant decreases in morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, attendance at CR is not optimal and certain populations, such as those with lower-socioeconomic status (SES), are less likely to participate. In order to remedy this disparity we have designed a trial to examine the efficacy of early case management and/or financial incentives for increasing CR participation among lower-SES patients. METHODS: We will employ a randomized controlled trial with a sample goal of 209 patients who will be randomized 2:3:3:3 to either a usual care control, to receive a case manager starting in-hospital, to receive financial incentives for completing CR sessions, or to receive both interventions. RESULTS: Treatment conditions will be compared on attendance at CR and end-of-intervention (four months) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, executive function, and health-related quality of life. The primary outcome measures for this project will be number of CR sessions completed and the percentage who complete ≥30 sessions. Secondary outcomes will include improvements in health outcomes by condition, as well as the cost-effectiveness of the intervention with a focus on potential reductions in emergency department visits and hospitalizations. We hypothesize that either intervention will perform better than the control and that the combination of interventions will perform better than either alone. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic examination of interventions will allow us to test the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of approaches that have the potential to increase CR participation substantially and significantly improve health outcomes among patients with lower-SES.

Self-Reported Executive Function in Hospitalized Cardiac Patients and Associations With Patient Characteristics and Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance.

PURPOSE: Executive function (ExF), the ability to do complex cognitive tasks like planning and refraining from impulsive behavior, is associated with compliance with medical recommendations. The present study identified associations between self-reported ExF and demographics of patients with cardiac disease as well as with cardiac rehabilitation (CR) attendance. METHODS: Self-reported ExF impairment was measured using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) on 316 individuals hospitalized for CR-qualifying cardiac events. Scores were calculated for a global measure (Global Executive Composite [GEC]) and the two BRIEF indices: Behavioral Regulation Index and Metacognition Index (MCI). Participants were followed up post-discharge to determine CR attendance. Univariate logistic regressions between ExF measures and demographic variables were conducted, as were multiple logistic regressions to identify significant, independent predictors. Analyses were conducted using clinical (T scores ≥ 65) and subclinical (T scores ≥ 60) criteria for significant ExF impairment as outcomes. One-way analyses of variance were performed between ExF impairment and CR attendance. RESULTS: Self-reported ExF deficits were relatively rare; 8.9% had at least subclinical scores on the GEC. Using the subclinical criterion for the MCI, having diabetes mellitus (DM) and being male were significant, independent predictors of MCI impairment. No significant relationship was found between ExF and CR attendance. CONCLUSION: Using the subclinical criterion only, individuals with DM and males were significantly more likely to have MCI impairment. No significant effect of ExF impairment on CR attendance was found, suggesting that self-reported ExF measured in the hospital may not be an appropriate measure for predicting behavioral outcomes.

Novel Therapeutics for Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, and Heart Failure: A REVIEW AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARDIAC REHABILITATION.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has evolved over time not only to improve cardiorespiratory fitness through exercise but also to promote lifestyle-related behaviors to manage cardiovascular disease risk factors. Given the prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure, CR serves as an ideal setting to monitor and, when indicated, intervene to ensure that individuals are optimally treated. PURPOSE: The objective of this report was to review current antihyperglycemic agents and discuss the role for these medications in the care and treatment of individuals participating in CR. CONCLUSION: There is strong evidence that the benefits provided by some antihyperglycemic medications go beyond glycemic control to include general cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Health care professionals in CR should be aware of the cardiovascular benefits of newer antihyperglycemic agents, as well as the treatment approach to patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and heart failure.

A Nonexercise Prediction of Peak Oxygen Uptake for Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: DATA FROM THE FITNESS REGISTRY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF EXERCISE INTERNATIONAL DATABASE (FRIEND).

PURPOSE: Nonexercise predictions of peak oxygen uptake (V˙ o2peak ) are used clinically, yet current equations were developed from cohorts of apparently healthy individuals and may not be applicable to individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our purpose was to develop a CVD-specific nonexercise prediction equation for V˙ o2peak . METHODS: Participants were from the Fitness Registry and Importance of Exercise International Database (FRIEND) with a diagnosis of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or heart failure (HF) who met maximal effort criteria during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (n = 15 997; 83% male; age 63.1 ± 10.4 yr). The cohort was split into development (n = 12 798) and validation groups (n = 3199). The prediction equation was developed using regression analysis and compared with a previous equation developed on a healthy cohort. RESULTS: Age, sex, height, weight, exercise mode, and CVD diagnosis were all significant predictors of V˙ o2peak . The regression equation was:V˙ o2peak (mL · kg -1 · min -1 ) = 16.18 - (0.22 × age [yr]) + (3.63 × sex [male = 1; female = 0]) + (0.14 × height [cm]) - (0.12 × weight [kg]) + (3.62 × mode [treadmill = 1; cycle = 0]) - (2.70 × CABG [yes = 1, no = 0]) - (0.31 × MI [yes = 1, no = 0]) + (0.37 × PCI [yes = 1, no = 0]) - (4.47 × HF [yes = 1, no = 0]). Adjusted R 2 = 0.43; SEE = 4.75 mL · kg -1 · min -1 .Compared with measured V˙ o2peak in the validation group, percent predicted V˙ o2peak was 141% for the healthy cohort equation and 100% for the CVD-specific equation. CONCLUSIONS: The new equation for individuals with CVD had lower error between measured and predicted V˙ o2peak than the healthy cohort equation, suggesting population-specific equations are needed for predicting V˙ o2peak ; however, errors associated with nonexercise prediction equations suggest V˙ o2peak should be directly measured whenever feasible.

Objective measure of smoking status highlights disparities by sex.

Current smoking is the strongest predictor of future morbidity and mortality in those with cardiovascular disease, yet clinically, smoking status is usually ascertained through self-report. We objectively measured smoking status, using exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), for 1122 consecutive patients entering cardiac rehabilitation. Within those with elevated CO levels (≥4 ppm), females had CO levels almost twice that of males (20.4 vs. 11.6), suggesting higher amounts of smoking.

Effects of total knee arthroplasty on skeletal muscle structure and function at the cellular, organellar, and molecular levels.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an important treatment option for knee osteoarthritis (OA) that improves self-reported pain and physical function, but objectively measured physical function typically remains reduced for years after surgery due, in part, to precipitous reductions in lower extremity neuromuscular function early after surgery. The present study examined intrinsic skeletal muscle adaptations during the first 5 weeks post-TKA to identify skeletal muscle attributes that may contribute to functional disability. Patients with advanced stage knee OA were evaluated prior to TKA and 5 weeks after surgery. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed to assess muscle fiber size, contractility, and mitochondrial content, along with assessments of whole muscle size and function. TKA was accompanied by marked reductions in whole muscle size and strength. At the fiber (i.e., cellular) level, TKA caused profound muscle atrophy that was approximately twofold higher than that observed at the whole muscle level. TKA markedly reduced muscle fiber force production, contractile velocity, and power production, with force deficits persisting in myosin heavy chain (MHC) II fibers after expression relative to fiber size. Molecular level assessments suggest reduced strongly bound myosin-actin cross bridges and myofilament lattice stiffness as a mechanism underlying reduced force per unit fiber size. Finally, marked reductions in mitochondrial content were apparent and more prominent in the subsarcolemmal compartment. Our study represents the most comprehensive evaluation of skeletal muscle cellular adaptations to TKA and uncovers novel effects of TKA on muscle fiber size and intrinsic contractility early after surgery that may contribute to functional disability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report the first evaluation of the effects of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) on skeletal muscle at the cellular and subcellular levels. We found marked effects of TKA to cause skeletal muscle fiber atrophy and contractile dysfunction in older adults, as well as molecular mechanisms underlying impaired contractility. Our results reveal profound effects of TKA on muscle fiber size and intrinsic contractility early after surgery that may contribute to functional disability.

Carbon monoxide monitoring to objectively measure smoking status in cardiac rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality. However, most programs rely on self-report measures when assessing the critical risk factor of smoking. This study examined smoking status using self-report versus objective measurement using expired carbon monoxide (CO) and compared patient characteristics by CO level. METHOD: Patients were screened for smoking status when entering CR by self-report and by objectively measured CO. Measures of aerobic fitness, educational attainment, depressive symptoms, and self-reported physical function were also collected. The discrepancy between smoking status based on self-report and objective measurement was examined and patient characteristics by CO measurement were compared. RESULTS: Of the 853 patients screened, 62 self-reported current smoking and 112 had a CO of ≥ 4 ppm. Using a cut-off of ≥ 4 ppm encompassed almost all self-reported smokers (specificity: 98.5%) and identified 61 patients (not reporting current smoking) needing further screening. Further questioning yielded an additional 21 patients with combusted use (tobacco/cannabis), six nonsmoking patients with environmental CO exposure, and 34 where the reason for elevated CO was unknown. CO ≥ 4 ppm patients were younger (62.2 vs. 67.7, p < .01), had higher depression scores (5.6 vs. 3.7, Patient Health Questionairre-9, p < .01), had lower educational attainment (59.0% ≤ high school vs. 31.3%, p < .01), had lower levels of fitness (after controlling for clinical characteristics, p < .01), and completed fewer CR sessions (18 vs. 22, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of patients who are actively smoking may be misclassified by relying on patient report alone. CO monitoring provides a simple and objective method of systematically screening patients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Enhancing participation in cardiac rehabilitation: Focus on underserved populations.

Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) significantly decreases morbidity and mortality and improves quality of life following a wide variety of cardiac diagnoses and interventions. However, participation rates and adherence with CR are still suboptimal and certain populations, such as women, minorities, and those of lower socio-economic status, are particularly unlikely to engage in and complete CR. In this paper we review the current status of CR participation rates and interventions that have been used successfully to improve CR participation. In addition, we review populations known to be less likely to engage in CR, and interventions that have been used to improve participation specifically in these underrepresented populations. Finally, we will explore how CR programs may need to expand or change to serve a greater proportion of CR-eligible populations. The best studied interventions that have successfully increased CR participation include automated referral to CR and utilization of a CR liaison person to coordinate the sometimes awkward transition from inpatient status to outpatient CR participation. Furthermore, it appears likely that maximizing secondary prevention in these at-risk populations will require a combination of increasing attendance at traditional center-based CR programs among underrepresented populations, improving and expanding upon tele- or community-based programs, and alternative strategies for improving secondary prevention in those who do not participate in CR.

Assessment of the Early Disabling Effects of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Using Direct Measures of Physical Function.

PURPOSE: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is an important treatment option in patients with coronary artery disease. Despite its beneficial effects, CABG surgery and its subsequent hospitalization may reduce physical functional capacity in patients, contributing to physical disability. Our objective was to assess the early disabling effects of CABG surgery and its subsequent hospitalization using direct measurements of physical function. METHODS: Patients (n = 44) were assessed pre-surgery and at hospital discharge for physical function using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and self-reported physical and mental health by questionnaire. RESULTS: The total SPPB score (P < .001) and all of its components (P < .01-.001) decreased markedly following CABG surgery and hospitalization, with greater reductions in total SPPB score (P < .05) and gait speed (P < .01) in patients with higher body mass index. While CABG surgery and hospitalization reduced patient-reported physical function, changes in these indices largely did not correlate with changes in SPPB outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our results show the early disabling effects of CABG surgery and hospitalization on directly measured physical function, and that patients with higher body mass index had greater reductions. In addition, our results underscore the need to perform direct measurements of physical function to describe reductions in physiological functional capacity. These findings suggest the need for inpatient rehabilitation or early mobility programs to address this decline in physical function.

Benchmarking Depressive Symptoms in Cardiac Rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: Depression affects cardiac health and is important to track within cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Using two depression screeners within one sample, we calculated prevalence of baseline depressive symptomology, improvements during CR, and predictors of both. METHODS: Data were drawn from the University of Vermont Medical Center CR program prospectively collected database. A total of 1781 patients who attended between January 2011 and July 2019 were included. Two depression screeners (Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form [GDS-SF] and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]) were compared on proportion of the sample categorized with ≥ mild or moderate levels of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥5, ≥10; GDS-SF ≥6, ≥10). Changes in depressive symptoms by screener were examined within patients who had completed ≥9 sessions of CR. Patient characteristics associated with depressive symptoms at entry, and changes in symptoms were identified. RESULTS: Within those who completed ≥9 sessions of CR with exit scores on both screeners (n = 1201), entrance prevalence of ≥ mild and ≥ moderate depressive symptoms differed by screener (32% and 9% PHQ-9; 12% and 3% GDS-SF; both P< .001). Patients who were younger, female, with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) scores were more likely to have ≥ mild depressive symptoms at entry. Most patients with ≥ mild symptoms decreased severity by ≥1 category by exit (PHQ-9 = 73%; GDS-SF = 77%). Nonsurgical diagnosis and lower CRF were associated with less improvement in symptoms on the PHQ-9 (both P< .05). CONCLUSION: Our results provide initial benchmarks of depressive symptoms in CR. They identify younger patients, women, patients with lower CRF, and those with nonsurgical diagnosis as higher risk groups for having depressive symptoms or lack of improvement in symptoms.

The Association of Patient Educational Attainment With Cardiac Rehabilitation Adherence and Health Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Participating in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after a cardiac event provides many clinical benefits. Patients of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to attend CR. It is unclear whether they attain similar clinical benefits as patients with higher SES. This study examines how educational attainment (one measure of SES) predicts both adherence to and improvements during CR. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of 1407 patients enrolled between January 2016 and December 2019 in a CR program located in Burlington, VT. Years of education, smoking status (self-reported and objectively measured), depression symptom level (Patient Health Questionnaire), self-reported physical function (Medical Outcomes Survey), level of fitness (peak metabolic equivalent, peak oxygen uptake, and handgrip strength), and body composition (body mass index and waist circumference) were obtained at entry to, and for a subset (n = 917), at exit from CR. Associations of educational attainment with baseline characteristics were examined using Kruskal-Wallis or Pearson's χ 2 tests as appropriate. Associations of educational attainment with improvements during CR were examined using analysis of covariance or logistic regression as appropriate. RESULTS: Educational attainment was significantly associated with most patient characteristics examined at intake and was a significant predictor of the number of CR sessions completed. Lower educational attainment was associated with less improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, even when controlling for other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with lower SES attend fewer sessions of CR than their higher SES counterparts and may not attain the same level of benefit from attending. Programs need to increase attendance within this population and consider program modifications that further support behavioral changes during CR.

Optimizing Training Response for Women in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Despite lower baseline fitness levels, women in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) do not typically improve peak aerobic exercise capacity (defined as peak oxygen uptake [peak Vo2]) compared with men in CR. Objective: To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and intensive lower extremity resistance training (RT) compared with standard moderate intensity continuous training (MCT) on peak Vo2 among women in CR. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial conducted from July 2017 to February 2020 included women from a community-based cardiac rehabilitation program affiliated with a university hospital in Vermont. A total of 56 women (mean [SD] age, 65 [11] years; range 43-98 years) participating in CR enrolled in the study. Interventions: MCT (70% to 85% of peak heart rate [HR]) with moderate intensive RT or HIIT (90% to 95% of peak HR) along with higher-intensity lower extremity RT 3 times per week over 12 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change in peak Vo2 (L/min) from baseline to 12 weeks. Results: Peak Vo2 increased to a greater degree in the HIIT group (+23%) than in the control group (+7%) (mean [SD] increase, 0.3 [0.2] L/min vs 0.1 [0.2] L/min; P = .03). Similarly, the change in leg strength was greater in the HIIT-RT group compared with the control group (mean [SD] increase, 15.3 [0.3] kg vs 6.4 [1.1] kg; P = .004). Conclusions and Relevance: An exercise protocol combining HIIT and intensive lower extremity RT enhanced exercise training response for women in CR compared with standard CR exercise training. Women randomized to HIIT experienced significantly greater improvements in both peak Vo2 and leg strength during CR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03438968.

Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness by Cardiovascular Disease Category and Testing Modality: Data From FRIEND.

Background The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for stratifying risk and guiding clinical decisions in patients with cardiovascular disease is well-established. To optimize the clinical value of cardiorespiratory fitness, normative reference standards are essential. The purpose of this report is to extend previous cardiorespiratory fitness normative standards by providing updated cardiorespiratory fitness reference standards according to cardiovascular disease category and testing modality. Methods and Results The analysis included 15 045 tests (8079 treadmill, 6966 cycle) from FRIEND (Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database). Using data from tests conducted January 1, 1974, through March 1, 2021, percentiles of directly measured peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were determined for each decade from 30 through 89 years of age for men and women with a diagnosis of coronary artery bypass surgery, myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or heart failure. There were significant differences between sex and age groups for VO2peak (P<0.001). The mean VO2peak was 23% higher for men compared with women and VO2peak decreased by a mean of 7% per decade for both sexes. Among each decade, the mean VO2peak from treadmill tests was 21% higher than the VO2peak from cycle tests. Differences in VO2peak were observed among the age groups in both sexes according to cardiovascular disease category. Conclusions This report provides normative reference standards by cardiovascular disease category for both men and women performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. These updated and enhanced reference standards can assist with patient risk stratification and guide clinical care.

The Treatment of Obesity in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A REVIEW AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs have evolved from exercise-only programs designed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness to secondary prevention programs with a broader mandate to alter lifestyle-related behaviors that control cardiac risk factors and, thereby, reduce overall cardiovascular risk. As the obesity epidemic has evolved in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome have soared and blunted the otherwise expected downturn in deaths from coronary heart disease related to better control of risk factors. In that the causes of obesity are behavioral in origin, the most effective treatment strategy requires a comprehensive, behavioral-based approach. PURPOSE: In this review, we outline optimal lifestyle approaches that can be delivered in the CR setting to assist cardiac patients with their long-term goals of reducing weight and improving cardiac risk factors while concurrently improving cardiorespiratory fitness. We also performed a survey of CR program throughout the United States and found that only 8% currently deliver a behavioral weight programs. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac rehabilitation programs need to take on an important challenge of secondary prevention, which is to develop behavioral weight loss programs to assist cardiac patients to lose weight and, thereby, improve multiple risk factors and long-term prognosis.

Financial Analysis of Cardiac Rehabilitation and the Impact of COVID-19.

PURPOSE: Provision of phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has been directly impacted by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Economic analyses to date have not identified the financial implications of pandemic-related changes to CR. The aim of this study was to compare the costs and reimbursements of CR between two periods: (1) pre-COVID-19 and (2) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Health care costs of providing CR were calculated using a microcosting approach. Unit costs of CR were based on staff time, consumables, and overhead costs. Reimbursement rates were derived from commercial and public health insurance. The mean cost and reimbursement/participant were calculated. Staff and participant COVID-19 infections were also examined. RESULTS: The mean number of CR participants enrolled/mo declined during the pandemic (-10%; 33.8 ± 2.0 vs 30.5 ± 3.2, P = .39), the mean cost/participant increased marginally (+13%; $2897 ± $131 vs $3265 ± $149, P = .09), and the mean reimbursement/participant decreased slightly (-4%; $2959 ± $224 vs $2844 ± $181, P = .70). However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. The pre-COVID mean operating surplus/participant ($62 ± $140) eroded into a deficit of -$421 ± $170/participant during the pandemic. No known COVID-19 infections occurred among the 183 participants and 14 on-site staff members during the pandemic period. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-related safety protocols required CR programs to modify service delivery. Results demonstrate that it was possible to safely maintain this critically important service; however, CR program costs exceeded revenues. The challenge going forward is to optimize CR service delivery to increase participation and achieve financial solvency.

Predictors of Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation: OPPORTUNITIES TO INCREASE ENROLLMENT.

PURPOSE: Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is low despite proven benefits. The aim of this study was to assess medical, psychosocial, and behavioral predictors of participation in a phase 2 CR. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Participants hospitalized for an acute cardiac event and eligible for CR completed in-hospital assessments, and the primary outcome was CR participation over a 4-mo follow-up. Measures included age, sex, educational attainment, smoking status, medical diagnosis, ejection fraction, and electronic referral to CR. Data included General Anxiety Disorder, Patient Health Questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and Duke Social Support Index. Logistic regression and Classification and Regression Tree analysis were performed. RESULTS: Of 378 hospitalized patients approached, 294 (31% females) enrolled in the study and 175 participated in CR. The presence of electronic referral, surgical diagnosis, non/former smoker, and strength of physician recommendation (all Ps < .02) were independent predictors for CR participation. No differences were seen in participation by measures of anxiety, depression, or executive function. Males with a profile of electronic referral to CR, high school or higher education, ejection fraction >50%, and strong physician recommendation were the most likely cohort to participate in CR (89%). Patients not referred to CR were the least likely to attend (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Lack of CR referral, lower educational attainment, nonsurgical diagnosis, current smoking, and reduced ejection fraction can predict patients at a highest risk of CR nonparticipation. Specific interventions such as electronic referral and a strong in-person recommendation from a medical provider may enhance CR participation rates.