[Cognitive functions in late-onset psychosis]. / Sostoyanie kognitivnykh funktsii pri pozdnikh shizofrenicheskikh psikhozakh.

The review discusses cognitive functions in late-onset schizophrenia and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis compared to cognition in normal aging, early-onset schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. The problem of the dynamics of the state of the cognitive functions in patients with late-onset schizophrenic psychoses is highlighted, and prospects for further research are discussed. Patients with late-onset schizophrenic psychosis are characterized by more pronounced cognitive deficits compared to normal aging, but less severe than cognitive changes observed in early-onset schizophrenia. Late-onset schizophrenia may be a heterogeneous condition in terms of cognitive dysfunction.

[Compensatory and adaptive mechanisms in children with congenital multiple arthrogryposis in the absence of active flexion in the elbow joint]. / Kompensatorno-prisposobitel'nye mekhanizmy u detei s vrozhdennym mnozhestvennym artrogripozom s otsutstviem aktivnogo sgibaniya v loktevom sustave.

Arthrogryposis is one of the most severe congenital orthopedic diseases, characterized by multiple joint contractures, hypoplasia or aplasia of the skeletal muscles of the extremities, as well as severe motor disorders. The use of compensatory strategies allows patients to improve the ability to self-care. OBJECTIVE: To study the compensatory strategies in children with arthrogryposis with absent of active flexion in the elbow joint and estimate their dynamic after surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a clinical examination of 236 patients with arthrogryposis with deformities of the upper extremities due to arthrogryposis at the age of 10 months to 16 years. The examination was carried out before the operation, as well as at various times (from 1 month to 8 years) after. In 87 cases (67 patients), restoration of active elbow flexion was performed by transposition of latissimus dorsii or pectoralis major to the biceps position. The activity of the muscles involved that most commonly used in compensatory strategies (synergy of m. biceps brachii and m. deltoideus or m.biceps brachii and m. quadriceps femoris) in 10 patients (from 3 to 10 y.o.), was evaluated before and after (from 2 months to 2 years) surgery by surface electromyography. RESULTS: It was found that children's compensatory strategies are formed at the age of 6 months to 1 y.o.6 months after surgery, the using of compensatory strategies becomes more rare, and 12-18 months after surgery, when the strength of the forearm muscles was 4 points, they were not used at all. CONCLUSIONS: Compensatory strategies in children with the absence of active and preservation of passive flexion in the elbow joint are diverse. They depend on the amplitude of passive and active movements in the shoulder, the function of the hand and deformities of the lower extremities. These strategies in children with arthrogryposis are unstable and completely disappear when active movements in the elbow joint are restored in the functional range.

PlantLayout pipeline to model tissue patterning.

To study the mechanisms underlying developmental pattern formation in a tissue, one needs to analyze the dynamics of the regulators in time and space across the tissue of a specific architecture. This problem is essential for the developmental regulators (morphogens) that distribute over the tissues anisotropically, forming there maxima and gradients and guiding cellular processes in a dose-dependent manner. Here we present the PlantLayout pipeline for MATLAB software, which facilitates the computational studies of tissue patterning. With its help, one can build a structural model of a two-dimensional tissue, embed it into a mathematical model in ODEs, perform numerical simulations, and visualize the obtained results - everything on the same platform. As a result, one can study the concentration dynamics of developmental regulators over the cell layout reconstructed from the real tissue. PlantLayout allows studying the dynamics and the output of gene networks guided by the developmental regulator in specific cells. The gene networks could be different for different cell types. One of the obstacles that PlantLayout removes semi-automatically is the determination of the cell wall orientation which is relevant when cells in the tissue have a polarity. Additionally, PlantLayout allows automatically extracting other quantitative and qualitative features of the cells and the cell walls, which might help in the modeling of a developmental pattern, such as the length and the width of the cell walls, the set of the neighboring cells, cell volume and cell perimeter. We demonstrate PlantLayout performance on the model of phytohormone auxin distribution over the plant root tip.

Radiofrequency ablation of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer in patients ineligible for surgery: results of a prospective multicenter phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: A prospective multicenter phase II trial to evaluate the survival outcomes of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for patients with stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ineligible for surgery. METHODS: Patients with a biopsy-proven stage IA NSCLC, staging established by a positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), were eligible. The primary objective was to evaluate the local control of RFA at 1-year. Secondary objectives were 1- and 3-year overall survival (OS), 3-year local control, lung function (prior to and 3 months after RFA) and quality of life (prior to and 1 month after RFA). RESULTS: Of the 42 patients (mean age 71.7 y) that were enrolled at six French cancer centers, 32 were eligible and assessable. Twenty-seven patients did not recur at 1 year corresponding to a local control rate of 84.38% (95% CI, [67.21-95.72]). The local control rate at 3 years was 81.25% (95% CI, [54.35-95.95]). The OS rate was 91.67% (95% CI, [77.53-98.25]) at 1 year and 58.33% (95% CI, [40.76-74.49]) at 3 years. The forced expiratory volume was stable in most patients apart from two, in whom we observed a 10% decrease. There was no significant change in the global health status or in the quality of life following RFA. CONCLUSION: RFA is an efficient treatment for medically inoperable stage IA NSCLC patients. RFA is well tolerated, does not adversely affect pulmonary function and the 3-year OS rate is comparable to that of stereotactic body radiotherapy, in similar patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01841060 registered in November 2008.

[Post stroke delirium]. / Postinsul'tnyi delirii

This review considers the issues of clinical typology of delirium (mental confusion), its etiology and pathogenesis. Based on these data, the peculiarities of treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of delirium are discussed. Attention is drawn to the risk factors of this disorder (potentially modifiable or non-modifiable), which are most important in treatment and prevention of delirium. The questions of rehabilitation measures are regarded. Section "Treatment" presents pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to treatment of delirium.

[Clinical characteristics of post-stroke anxiety disorders].

Authors studied 198 patients with first-ever cerebral stroke. Affective disorders, including depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and phobias, were identified in 71.2% of patients. The study demonstrated that the anxiety syndrome developed in the post-stroke period may be regarded as relatively independent. Some post-stroke anxiety disorders had different risk and pathogenetic factors. GAD is associated with young age and phobias are associated with female sex and inherited predisposition. In contrast to post stroke depression, anxiety-phobic disorders develop more frequently in patients with mild stroke.

[The alteration of concentration of essential microelements in blood plasma in children with chronic diseases of gastrointestinal tract and having different body mass].

The article deals with the characteristics of alterations of mineral metabolism indicators in children of various age with chronic diseases ofgastrointestinal tract and having body mass of normal and different surplus degrees. The sample consisted of 127 children aged from 6 to 15 years with chronic gastroduodenitis, pancreatitis and cholecystitis. The concentration of bioelements in plasma was determined using the technique of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The study established the increase of concentration of molybdenum 4.3 times, chrome--8.4 times and selenium--1.36 times. The revealed bioelemental misbalance impacts the overall health of children and course of disease and hence has to be accounted in case of application of treatment targeted to the correction of mineral metabolism.

[Clinical features of post stroke apathy].

An aim of the study was to evaluate clinical features and risk factors of post stroke apathy. The study included 209 patients with first-time stroke. Assessments of neurological and mental status were carried out on the 1st, 7th day, after 2 weeks, 1 month, 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke. The frequency of apathy was 28.2%. Three types of apathy were singled out: classical, depressive, and combined. Apathy was significantly associated with the older age of patients, right-sided brain lesion and worst recovery of neurological deficit. Patients with depressive apathy were significantly older than patients without apathy, classic apathy was more common in men, and depressive apathy - in women. Depressive apathy was significantly associated with small lesions, while classic or combined apathy was significantly associated with the average volume of lesions.

[Mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways of death of hepatocytes of lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis L].

Mechanisms of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways of natural cell death in lamprey hepatocytes at the spring period of prespawning migration are described. The mitochondrial pathways (release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol and activation ofcaspases) operates according to the classical scheme known for apoptosis. The lysosomal cell death pathway connected with activation of cathepsin B has been revealed quite recently in cells in pathologies, in particular at obstruction of gallbladder and bile ducts. The peculiarity of lamprey hepatocytes consists in biliary atresia (the absence both of gallbladder and of bile ducts) in liver of adult animals. Thereby the lamprey hepatocytes represent an excellent object for study of this new pathway of cell death. We have revealed a parallel development of the mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways of cell death of lamprey hepatocytes.

Improving precision in resonance ionization mass spectrometry: influence of laser bandwidth in uranium isotope ratio measurements.

The use of broad bandwidth lasers with automated feedback control of wavelength was applied to the measurement of (235)U/(238)U ratios by resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) to decrease laser-induced isotopic fractionation. By broadening the bandwidth of the first laser in a three-color, three-photon ionization process from a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz to about 10 GHz, the variation in sequential relative isotope abundance measurements decreased from 10% to less than 0.5%. This procedure was demonstrated for the direct interrogation of uranium oxide targets with essentially no sample preparation.

[Post stroke affective disorders].

We have studied 198 patients with first-ever stroke. The spectrum of affective disorders included depressions, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias. The study has demonstrated that mentioned post stroke affective disorders have different risk and pathogenetic factors. In stroke patients, affective disorders were caused by the damage of different brain areas. Depression was associated with the damage of left frontal/temporal cortical areas and left subcortical structures. On the contrary, anxiety disorders were associated with the damage of these structures in the right hemisphere.

[Interaction effect of serotonin transporter gene and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on the platelet serotonin content in stroke patients].

Platelet serotonin content in patients in the acute period of stroke is an important index of clinical changes during the post stroke period as well as a predictor of development of mental disorders. We studied the association between two polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and Val66Met BDNF) and the platelet serotonin content in 47 patients with stroke. We also investigated the moderating effect of genetic variants on the association between platelet serotonin content and development of affective and anxiety disorders in stroke patients in the acute period of stroke. The interaction effect of two polymorphisms on levels of platelet serotonin was found. The lowest level was observed in patients with the diplotype LL*ValVal, the highest level--in the group of patients with the LL genotype and genotypes containing at least one copy of a Met allele. No moderating effect of genetic variants on the relationship between serotonin content and affective or anxiety disorder was found.

[Pathogenetic characteristics of post stroke affective disorders].

Fifty patients with affective disorders developed after first cerebral stroke were studied. A spectrum of affective disorders included post-stroke depressions, generalized anxiety disorders, anxiety-depressive disorders and pseudo post-stroke depressions. Platelet serotonin (PS) levels were measured in these patients as well. The levels of PS at the first three days after stroke and their changes towards the 28th day are associated with the development of post-stroke affective disorders. The development of anxiety-depressive disorders in the acute period of stroke is related to the localization of brain lesion focus. The low levels of PS in patients at the first three days after stroke may be the risk factor of delayed affective disorders development.

[Bioelectrical brain activity in different affective disorders in patients with cerebral stroke].

One hundred and forty-nine patients with ischemic stroke who had different affective disorders developed one year after stroke (depression, anxiety, depression-anxiety disorders) were included in the study. Based on the computer data analysis of EEG, we singled out the characteristics of bioelectrical brain activity in patients with different types of poststroke affective disorders in acute, early and late restorative periods.