Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer. Association with Clinical and Pathological Parameters.

In patients with primary resectable breast cancer, a positive correlation between the age and the count of CD16+ lymphocytes and a negative correlation of this parameter with the number of regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127- cells and proliferative activity of Ki-67 tumor cells were revealed. Higher level of Ki-67 was associated with reduced number of effector lymphocytes (CD8+ and CD16+) and elevated content of regulatory CD8+CD11b-CD28- T cells. The absence of expression of estrogen receptors was associated with reduced cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cell in comparison with ER+ breast cancer. The percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+ and CD8+CD11b+CD28+) among lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor was higher in PR+ breast cancer than in PR- tumors. With increasing the tumor load, the number of lymphocytes expressing CD16 marker and their cytotoxic potential decreased.

[The Paris system of interpretation of urinary cytopathology.]

The article presents the Paris system of interpretation of urinary cytopathology developed by joint efforts of cytologists, pathologists and urologists in April 2016. The seven accepted categories of cytological opinion letters are presented, including criteria of their evaluation, risk of malignancy development under various urinary pathology and recommended tactics of management of patients.

[The role of persistent viral infections with Herpes viridae and Papilloma viridae associated with chronic inflammatory pathology of the oropharynx]. / Znachenie persistiruiushchei virusnoi infektsii semeistv Herpes viridae i Papilloma viridae pri khronicheskikh vospalitel'nykh zabolevaniiakh glotki.

The high prevalence of chronic inflammatory oropharyngeal pathologies and a large variety of specific pathogenetic features of the persistent viral infections caused by the species of the families Herpesviridae and Papillomaviridae as etiological agents of the disease suggest the necessity of investigations with a view to evaluating the clinical significance of persistent viral infections with Herpesviridae and Papillomaviridae species in the patients presenting with chronic inflammatory oropharyngreal pathology. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the prevalence and clinical significance of viral infections caused by the pathogenic agents belonging to the families Herpesviridae and Papillomaviridae in the patients presenting with chronic inflammatory pathology of the oropharynx. We examined two groups of patients one of which was comprised of 174 subjects suffering from chronic inflammatory oropharyngeal pathologies while the other consisted of 31 healthy people. All the patients in both groups underwent the general clinical examination, real-time PCR diagnostics of the viral infections with Herpes viridae and Papilloma viridae using the scrapings of oropharyngeal mucosa, and the microbiological study of the oropharynx secretion. The study has demonstrated the high frequency of viral infections caused by Herpesviridae and Papillomaviridae species in the patients with chronic inflammatory pathology of the oropharynx in comparison with the control group of healthy subjects (81.03% and 45.16% respectively). It was shown that the certain types of pathological conditions were specifically associated with the concrete forms of viral infections. The results of the cytological study give evidence that all (100%) the patients with chronic inflammatory oropharyngeal pathologies had the specific changes in epithelium in the combination with the non-specific alterations. 63.6% of the patients with chronic inflammatory oropharyngeal pathologies and negative results of viral diagnostics using the real-time PCR technology were found to have non-specific changes in epithelium as opposed to 25.8% of the healthy subjects. The correlation analysis of the results of real-time PCR diagnostics and the bacteriological study showed that 45.1% of the carriers of the Epstein-Barr virus were infected with S. pneumoniae and 23.2% with Kl..pneumoniae whereas the mixed infection was documented in 31.1% of the EBV carriers. Moreover, 10.98% of such patients presented with Candida albicans infection whereas. 54.5% and 27.3% of the patients with HHV-6 were diagnosed as having S. aureus and S. pneumoniae infection respectively; the combined flora was found in 18.2% of such patients.

[The fluorescent immune cytochemical analysis of exudations and washouts from serous cavities under intra-operational cytological diagnostic.]

According publications' data, the range of diagnostic sensitivity of cytological analysis of exudates makes up to 64%-96%. In case of emergency intra-operational diagnostic, a necessity occurs to implement additional techniques. One of them is a fluorescent immune cytochemical analysis with monoclonal antibodies to BER-EP4, conjugated with fluorochrome FITC. The mentioned analysis demonstrates high diagnostic specificity and sensitivity under differential diagnostic of metastatic and reactive exudates.

[The fluorescent hybridization in situ as applied in diagnostics of urinary bladder cancer].

The adaptation of techniques of molecular genetic analysis into clinical practice increased the possibilities of diagnostics of urinary bladder cancer at early stage of disease development. The article discusses the results of cytological and cytogenetic examination of urine cells in patients with diagnostics of urinary bladder cancer. The sampling consisted of 44 cytological and 25 cytogenetic tests. The results of both methods of diagnostics of urinary bladder cancer matched in 12 cases. Besides, in 2 tests the carcinoma of urinary bladder was confirmed only by using molecular genetic technique.

[The liquid cytology in clinical practice: a lecture].

The lecture covers one of the most perspective directions in clinical cytology. The emergence of liquid cytology is related to preparation of thin-layer specimens of organism liquids. Nowadays, the liquid cytology spreads more and more due to eephi application in different areas of cytological diagnostics, including screening of cervix uteri diseases, automatic screening, punctate tests, endoscopic and other materials. The lecture presents the basics of method, the characteristics of pre-analytic stage, the approaches to preparation of cytological specimens and cell blocks. The main possibilities, characteristics and perspectives of liquid cytology on the stage of rapid development of molecular genetic studies are discussed.

[Cytomorphometric diagnosis of dysplasias during dyshormonal and hyperplastic processes in the mammary gland].

A hundred and twenty-nine cytograms of benign tumors of the breast with different degrees of its dysplasia were morphometrically analyzed, by using a "MECOS-Ts" set for digital microscopy. The informative differentially diagnostic morphometric signs of nuclei were identified in mild, moderate, and severe epithelial dysplasias of the breast. The derived quantitative decision rules may reduce the error of a differential diagnosis of severe dysplasia by 2-3.5 times, as compared with a visual microscopy-based diagnosis.

[A comparative morphometric analysis of cytograms of invasive ductal and invasive lobular breast cancer]. / Sravnitel'nyi morfometricheskii analiz tsitogramm invazivnogo protokovogo i invazivnogo dol'kovogo raka molochnoi zhelezy.

The most informative for differential diagnosis parameters (surface and nucleus polarization) were determined on the basis of morphometric analysis of 42 cytograms of invasive duct cancer (IDC) and 39 cytograms of invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) using the computer analyzer MEKOC-C. Combination of these two parameters allowed the authors to elaborate a decisive rule for differential diagnosis of these two cancers (the mistake is reduced to 8.6%). The analysis of 8 informative morphometric nuclear parameters has shown that in ILC the nuclei are more monomorphic, less in square and perimeter, nucleoli are less numerous than in IDC. The study gives objective criteria for preoperative differential cytological diagnosis between IDC and ILC.