Severe dengue in adults and children, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), West Africa, October 2015-January 2017.

Introduction: Although dengue is the most common arbovirus infection worldwide, studies of severe dengue in Africa are lacking, and risk factors for severe dengue have been insufficiently described. This study was conducted in the context of the 2016 dengue epidemic in Burkina Faso to determine the prevalence of severe dengue, identify factors associated with severe dengue, and perform mapping of dengue cases in the country's capital, Ouagadougou. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to January 2017. Data were collected in 15 public and private health centres, and included sociodemographic, clinical and patient outcome variables. Dengue was diagnosed using SD Bioline Dengue Duo rapid diagnostic tests. Data were analysed using Epi-Info Version 7. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of severe dengue. P<0.05 was considered significant. Dengue case mapping was performed using Geographic Information System software (ArcGIS). Results: Of the 811 patients who tested positive for dengue, 609 (75%) had early dengue (AgNS1 positive) and 272 (33.5%) had severe dengue. Patient age ranged from 1 to 83 years (median 30.5 years) and 393 (48.3%) were female. Renal failure (13.1%) and severe bleeding (10.6%) were the most common signs of severe dengue. Risk factors for severe dengue included age, male sex, haemoglobin S, diabetes, hypertension, and primary dengue. Dengue cases were more concentrated  in sectors located in the centre of the city and close to the health centres. Conclusion: Dengue is increasingly common in Africa and factors associated with severity should be sought systematically as soon as a patient tests positive. Additional studies are needed to determine if the factors found to be associated with severity can be used to identify patients at risk for dengue-related complications, and to provide early and specialized management to reduce morbidity and mortality related to dengue in Africa.

Meningococcal carriage 7 years after introduction of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso: results from four cross-sectional carriage surveys.

BACKGROUND: In the first 2 years after a nationwide mass vaccination campaign of 1-29-year-olds with a meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac) in Burkina Faso, carriage and disease due to serogroup A Neisseria meningitidis were nearly eliminated. We aimed to assess the long-term effect of MenAfriVac vaccination on meningococcal carriage and herd immunity. METHODS: We did four cross-sectional studies of meningococcal carriage in people aged 9 months to 36 years in two districts of Burkina Faso between May 2, 2016, and Nov 6, 2017. Demographic information and oropharyngeal swabs were collected. Meningococcal isolates were characterised using whole-genome sequencing. FINDINGS: Of 14 295 eligible people, 13 758 consented and had specimens collected and laboratory results available, 1035 of whom were meningococcal carriers. Accounting for the complex survey design, prevalence of meningococcal carriage was 7·60% (95% CI 5·67-9·52), including 6·98% (4·86-9·11) non-groupable, 0·48% (0·01-0·95) serogroup W, 0·10% (0·01-0·18) serogroup C, 0·03% (0·00-0·80) serogroup E, and 0% serogroup A. Prevalence ranged from 5·44% (95% CI 4·18-6·69) to 9·14% (6·01-12·27) by district, from 4·67% (2·71-6·64) to 11·17% (6·75-15·59) by round, and from 3·39% (0·00-8·30) to 10·43% (8·08-12·79) by age group. By clonal complex, 822 (88%) of 934 non-groupable isolates were CC192, all 83 (100%) serogroup W isolates were CC11, and nine (69%) of 13 serogroup C isolates were CC10217. INTERPRETATION: Our results show the continued effect of MenAfriVac on serogroup A meningococcal carriage, for at least 7 years, among vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts. Carriage prevalence of epidemic-prone serogroup C CC10217 and serogroup W CC11 was low. Continued monitoring of N meningitidis carriage will be crucial to further assess the effect of MenAfriVac and inform the vaccination strategy for future multivalent meningococcal vaccines. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

Evaluation of pneumococcal meningitis clusters in Burkina Faso and implications for potential reactive vaccination.

BACKGROUND: To better understand how to prevent and respond to pneumococcal meningitis outbreaks in the meningitis belt, we retrospectively examined Burkina Faso's case-based meningitis surveillance data for pneumococcal meningitis clusters and assessed potential usefulness of response strategies. METHODS: Demographic and clinical information, and cerebrospinal fluid laboratory results for meningitis cases were collected through nationwide surveillance. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We reviewed data from 2011 to 2017 to identify and describe clusters of ≥ 5 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases per week in a single district. We assessed whether identified clusters met the 2016 WHO provisional pneumococcal meningitis outbreak definition: a district with a weekly incidence of >5 suspected meningitis cases/100,000 persons, >60% of confirmed meningitis cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, and >10 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases. RESULTS: Twenty pneumococcal meningitis clusters were identified, with a maximum weekly incidence of 7 cases and a maximum duration of 4 weeks. Most identified clusters (15/20; 75%) occurred before nationwide introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in October 2013. Most cases were due to serotype 1 (74%), 10% were due to PCV13 serotypes besides serotype 1, and 8 clusters had >1 serotype. While 6 identified clusters had a weekly incidence of >5 suspected cases/100,000 and all 20 clusters had >60% of confirmed meningitis cases due to S. pneumoniae, no cluster had >10 confirmed pneumococcal meningitis cases in a single week. CONCLUSIONS: Following PCV13 introduction, pneumococcal meningitis clusters were rarely detected, and none met the WHO provisional pneumococcal outbreak definition. Due to the limited cluster size and duration, there were no clear instances where reactive vaccination could have been useful. More data are needed to inform potential response strategies.

Evaluation of the Impact of Meningococcal Serogroup A Conjugate Vaccine Introduction on Second-Year-of-Life Vaccination Coverage in Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: After successful meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) campaigns since 2010, Burkina Faso introduced MACV in March 2017 into the routine Expanded Programme for Immunization schedule at age 15-18 months, concomitantly with second-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV2). We examined MCV2 coverage in pre- and post-MACV introduction cohorts to describe observed changes regionally and nationally. METHODS: A nationwide household cluster survey of children 18-41 months of age was conducted 1 year after MACV introduction. Coverage was assessed by verification of vaccination cards or recall. Two age groups were included to compare MCV2 coverage pre-MACV introduction (30-41 months) versus post-MACV introduction (18-26 months). RESULTS: In total, 15 925 households were surveyed; 7796 children were enrolled, including 3684 30-41 months of age and 3091 18-26 months of age. Vaccination documentation was observed for 86% of children. The MACV routine coverage was 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56%-61%) with variation by region (41%-76%). The MCV2 coverage was 62% (95% CI, 59%-65%) pre-MACV introduction and 67% (95% CI, 64%-69%) post-MACV introduction, an increase of 4.5% (95% CI, 1.3%-7.7%). Among children who received routine MACV and MCV2, 93% (95% CI, 91%-94%) received both at the same visit. Lack of caregiver awareness about the 15- to 18-month visit and vaccine unavailability were common reported barriers to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: A small yet significant increase in national MCV2 coverage was observed 1 year post-MACV introduction. The MACV/MCV2 coadministration was common. Findings will help inform strategies to strengthen second-year-of-life immunization coverage, including to address the communication and vaccine availability barriers identified.

Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Meningitis, Burkina Faso, 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: In 2013, Burkina Faso introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the routine childhood immunization program, to be administered to children at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We evaluated the impact of PCV13 on pneumococcal meningitis. METHODS: Using nationwide surveillance, we gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination; strains were serotyped using PCR. We compared annual incidence (cases per 100 000) 4 years after PCV13's introduction (2017) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011-2013). We adjusted incidence for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national laboratories. RESULTS: In 2017, pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 2.7 overall and 10.5 (<1 year), 3.8 (1-4 years), 3.5 (5-14 years), and 1.4 (≥15 years) by age group. Compared to 2011-2013, PCV13-serotype incidence was significantly lower among all age groups, with the greatest decline among children aged <1 year (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 65%-84%). Among all ages, the drop in incidence was larger for PCV13 serotypes excluding serotype 1 (79%; 95% CI, 72%-84%) than for serotype 1 (52%; 95% CI, 44%-59%); incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also declined (53%; 95% CI, 37%-65%). In 2017, 45% of serotyped cases among all ages were serotype 1 and 12% were other PCV13 serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In Burkina Faso, meningitis caused by PCV13 serotypes continues to decrease, especially among young children. However, the concurrent decline in non-PCV13 serotypes and short pre-PCV13 observation period complicate evaluation of PCV13's impact. Efforts to improve control of serotype 1, such as switching from a 3 + 0 schedule to a 2 + 1 schedule, may improve overall control of pneumococcal meningitis in this setting.

Early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis-Burkina Faso, 2014-2015.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluate early impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on pneumococcal meningitis in Burkina Faso. METHODS: Nationwide surveillance gathered demographic/clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results for meningitis cases. Pneumococcal cases were confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or latex agglutination, and strains serotyped using PCR. We compared incidence (cases per 100,000) in the early post-PCV13 period (2014 and 2015) to average pre-PCV13 incidence (2011-2013). RESULTS: In 2015, age-specific pneumococcal meningitis incidences were 8.7 (<1 year), 2.4 (1-4 years), 6.5 (5-14 years), and 2.6 (≥15 years). Compared to 2011-2013, PCV13-serotype incidence among all ages decreased by 32% (95%CI: 23%-39%), with significant decreases among children aged <1 year (76%; 95%CI: 64%-84%) and 1-4 years (58%, 95%CI: 40%-71%). Among all ages, incidence of PCV13 serotypes besides serotype 1 decreased (68%; 95%CI: 59%-75%), but serotype 1 incidence did not. Incidence of non-PCV13 serotypes also decreased (47%; 95%CI: 29%-60%). Among children aged <1 year, serotypes 12F/12A/12B/44/46 (17%), 1 (12%), and 5 (10%) predominated. CONCLUSIONS: Following PCV13 introduction, PCV13-serotype meningitis incidence in young children significantly decreased. PCV13 impact on serotype 1 and disease in older children and adults requires continued monitoring.

Bacterial meningitis epidemiology and return of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A cases in Burkina Faso in the five years following MenAfriVac mass vaccination campaign.

BACKGROUND: Historically, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) caused large meningitis epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2010, Burkina Faso became the first country to implement a national meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine (MACV) campaign. We analyzed nationwide meningitis surveillance data from Burkina Faso for the 5 years following MACV introduction. METHODS: We examined Burkina Faso's aggregate reporting and national laboratory-confirmed case-based meningitis surveillance data from 2011-2015. We calculated incidence (cases per 100,000 persons), and described reported NmA cases. RESULTS: In 2011-2015, Burkina Faso reported 20,389 cases of suspected meningitis. A quarter (4,503) of suspected meningitis cases with cerebrospinal fluid specimens were laboratory-confirmed as either S. pneumoniae (57%), N. meningitidis (40%), or H. influenzae (2%). Average adjusted annual national incidence of meningococcal meningitis was 3.8 (range: 2.0-10.2 annually) and was highest among infants aged <1 year (8.4). N. meningitidis serogroup W caused the majority (64%) of meningococcal meningitis among all age groups. Only six confirmed NmA cases were reported in 2011-2015. Five cases were in children who were too young (n = 2) or otherwise not vaccinated (n = 3) during the 2010 MACV mass vaccination campaign; one case had documented MACV receipt, representing the first documented MACV failure. CONCLUSIONS: Meningococcal meningitis incidence in Burkina Faso remains relatively low following MACV introduction. However, a substantial burden remains and NmA transmission has persisted. MACV integration into routine childhood immunization programs is essential to ensure continued protection.

Nationwide Trends in Bacterial Meningitis before the Introduction of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine-Burkina Faso, 2011-2013.

BACKGROUND: Following introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in 2006 and serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine in 2010, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) became the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso. We describe bacterial meningitis epidemiology, focusing on pneumococcal meningitis, before 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction in the pediatric routine immunization program in October 2013. METHODS: Nationwide population-based meningitis surveillance collects case-level demographic and clinical information and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory results. Sp infections are confirmed by culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR), or latex agglutination, and CSF serotyped using real-time and conventional PCR. We calculated incidence rates in cases per 100,000 persons, adjusting for age and proportion of cases with CSF tested at national reference laboratories, and case fatality ratios (CFR). RESULTS: During 2011-2013, 1,528 pneumococcal meningitis cases were reported. Average annual adjusted incidence rates were 26.9 (<1 year), 5.4 (1-4 years), 7.2 (5-14 years), and 3.0 (≥15 years). Overall CFR was 23% and highest among children aged <1 year (32%) and adults ≥30 years (30%). Of 1,528 cases, 1,036 (68%) were serotyped: 71% were PCV13-associated serotypes, 14% were non-PCV13-associated serotypes, and 15% were non-typeable by PCR. Serotypes 1 (45%) and 12F/12A/12B/44/46 (8%) were most common. Among children aged <1 year, serotypes 5 (15%), 6A/6B (13%) and 1 (12%) predominated. CONCLUSIONS: In Burkina Faso, the highest morbidity and mortality due to pneumococcal meningitis occurred among children aged <1 year. The majority of cases were due to PCV13-associated serotypes; introduction of PCV13 should substantially decrease this burden.