RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Submarine operations require strict adherence to standard operating and safety procedures and errors in judgement or accidents could lead to catastrophe and impair the submarine's ability to surface. In case of disablement of a submarine (DISSUB), the crew would have to survive inside the submarine for a variable period awaiting rescue. Microclimate and habitability of the submarine would have to be maintained and crew would have to consume emergency rations and water. METHODS: In order to validate these procedures, a simulation was carried out in which 80 crew members were closed up inside a submarine in harbour for 24 h simulating a DISSUB situation without power and ventilation. RESULTS: Average temperature of the submarine compartments rose from 29.33 °C at the beginning of the simulation to 33.5 °C at the end of 24 h. Relative humidity increased from 79% to 87.67%. Crew members consumed an average to 973 kcal worth of rations during the 24 h of the exercise with 500 ml water. CONCLUSION: Submarine crew could survive successfully inside a disabled submarine awaiting rescue if thermal stress could be addressed. In the present simulation, the crew suffered from effects of thermal stress. Thermal stress would not only affect damage control capabilities, but could also lead the crew into earlier escape. Greater research and further studies are required to mitigate thermal stress and its effects in order to prolong survival.
RESUMO
Hansen's disease is a chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Current therapy for this disease is with the WHO recommended Multi Drug Therapy (MDT) with DDS, rifampicin and clofazimine. Hyper Baric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) has been used to treat many medical conditions including infections with a great deal of success. It's efficacy on various species of mycobacteria and other bacteria have been studied in vitro and in vivo and it is found to be an effective antimicrobial agent under specified conditions. HBOT has been used to treat Hansen's disease, including drug resistant lepromatous leprosy cases with good results. However there is a paucity of literature on this form of therapy. We have treated twenty cases of Hansen's disease with HBOT prior to exhibiting MDT as per the WHO schedule. There has been a marked regression in skin signs especially decrease in erythema and flattening of raised lesions. This correlated well with the histopathological picture which showed a reduction in the inflammatory exudate.
RESUMO
Triisopropoxyborane on treatment with catechol in equimolar ratio in excess of benzene affords the formation of 2-isopropoxybenzo-1,3-dioxa-2-borole [OC6H4OB(OPri)]. The interaction of [OC6H4OB(OPri)] with benzothiazolines, prepared by the condensation of [1-(2-thienyl)ethanone], [1-(2-pyridinyl)ethanone], [1-(2-furanyl)ethanone], and [1-(2-naphthenyl)ethanone] with 2-mercaptoaniline, yields complexes that have B--O, B--S, and B<--N bonds. The unsymmetrical borole complexes were subjected to microestimations and spectral analyses comprised of UV, IR, proton-1, boron-11, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. The spectral studies point to a tetracoordinated environment around boron because the stereochemically active lone pair is also included in the coordination sphere. X-ray powder diffraction of a representative complex also has been carried out. In the quest for better fungicides and bactericides, studies were conducted to assess the growth-inhibiting potential of the synthesized complexes along with the ligands against various fungal and bacterial strains. The studies demonstrate that the concentrations reach levels that are sufficient to inhibit and kill the pathogens. Furthermore, the results achieved from biological activity also have been compared with the conventional fungicide, Bavistin, and conventional bactericide, Streptomycin.