Radially varying viscosity and entropy generation effect on the Newtonian nanofluid flow between two co-axial tubes with peristalsis.

To examine the peristaltic motion of a Newtonian fluid through an axisymmetric tube, many writers assume that viscosity is either a constant or a radius exponential function in Stokes' equations. In this study, viscosity is predicated on both the radius and the axial coordinate. The peristaltic transport of a Newtonian nanofluid with radially varying viscosity and entropy generation has been studied. Under the long-wavelength assumption, fluid flows through a porous media between co-axial tubes, with heat transfer. The inner tube is uniform, while the outer tube is flexible and has a sinusoidal wave travelling down its wall. The momentum equation is solved exactly, and the energy and nanoparticle concentration equations are solved using the homotopy perturbation technique. Furthermore, entropy generation is obtained. The numerical results for the behaviours of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration, as well as the Nusselt number and Sherwood number with physical problem parameters, are obtained and graphically depicted. It is discovered that as the values of the viscosity parameter and the Prandtl number rise, so does the value of the axial velocity. Temperature values decrease as the wave amplitude and radiation parameter increase. Furthermore, at high values of the dependent viscosity parameter, the fluid nanoparticle gains more active energy and can move more freely, which is the main idea behind crude oil refinement. This physical modelling is essential for some physiological flows, such as the flow of stomach juice during the insertion of an endoscope.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some glucosyl- and ribosyl-pyridazin-3-ones.

Reaction of 5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one 1a,b with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide 2 in K(2)CO(3)/acetone gave 5,6-diphenyl-N(2)-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)pyridazin-3-one 5a,b. The same nucleosides 5a,b were obtained by reaction of 1a,b with peracetylated glucose 3 under MW irradiation. Mercuration of 1a,b followed by reaction with glucosyl bromide 2 gave the same nucleosides 5a,b. The riboside 4-cyano-5,6-diphenyl-N(2)-(2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-pyridazin-3-one 8 was obtained by reaction of 4-cyanopyridazinone 1b with peracetylated ribose 7 under MW irradiation. The deprotected nucleosides 6a,b and 9 were obtained by stirring of 5a,b and 8 in methanol and TEA/H(2)O. The structure was confirmed using (1)H and (13)C-NMR spectra. Selected members of these compounds were screened for antibacterial activity.

Synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of some pyrimidine glycosides.

Reaction of ethyl 4-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate derivatives 1a,b and ethyl 4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate 1c with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl bromide in KOH or TEA afforded ethyl 2-aryl-4-(2',3',4',6'-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylthio or/ oxy)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate 6a-c. The glucosides 6a and 6b were obtained by the reaction of 1a and 1b with peracetylated glucose3 under MW irradiation. Mercuration of 1a followed by reaction with acetobromoglucose gave the same product 6a. The reaction of 1a-c with peracetylated ribose 4 under MW irradiation gave ethyl 2-aryl-4-(2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosylthio)-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate 8a-c. The deprotection of 6a-c and 8a-c in the presence of methanol and TEA/H(2)O afforded the deprotected products 7a-c and 9a-c. The structure were confirmed by using (1)H and (13)CNMR spectra. Selected members of these compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.

Assessment of the diagnostic system of Schistosoma infection at rural health unit level, Egypt.

The study sample was 6 rural health units and 405 attendants. Assessment of inputs was done through review of documents, charts, interviews, questionnaires and direct observation. Assessment of accuracy of the techniques was done by cross matching the results of urine and stools examination using different techniques (filtration and sedimentation for urine, and Kato-Katz and direct smear for stools). Results of technicians were compared with that of investigators using the same technique. Two days examinations of urine and stools samples were done by investigators using nucleopore and Kato-Katz, respectively. Environment assessment showed that, political and economic environments were the most influencing components that affect the system of diagnosis. Organization assessment showed that organization structure adapted to a large extent its objectives. However, decentralization and technological development were required. Filtration was more sensitive than sedimentation (82% and 51.3%, respectively). Specificity and PV+ were 100% for both tests. While, PV- and efficiency were 97.6% and 97.8% for filtration, and 93.7% and 94.1% for sedimentation, respectively. Sensitivity of Kato-Katz was higher than direct smear (88.5% and 11.5%, respectively). Kappa coefficient ranged between 0.63 and 1 as regards results of technicians compared to that of investigators. Mean daily workload of urinary examinations per technician ranged between 5.8 and 34.8. That of stools examinations was 5.3 and 32.4. Satisfaction rates ranged between 51.3% and 100% for different rural health units. Strengths and opportunities should be intensified. Weaknesses and threats should be treated.

A KAP study among staff and student nurses about infection control in Theodor Bilharz Hospital.

The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of staff and student nurses in Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Hospital towards simple protective measures such as: hand washing practices, recapping of syringe needles after use, and their awareness of Hepatitis B and C viruses prevention and control. A questionnaire is designed and distributed to all student nurses in the school (41 students out of 45), and to all staff nurses working in the hospital (39 nurses out of 50), with a total of 80 out of 95. Scoring system is used for data analysis. The overall scoring of KAP for the three items studied are below 80%, which means that they really need health education about these items. Thus, it is very important to create public awareness in the hospital community, and among nurses about the concept of infection control. This will be done through formal and informal instructions, by organizing regular courses and posters. It is very essential to provide safe disposal of syringe needles in special containers, have facilities for hand washing during work and apply HB vaccine for nurses working in the hospital. Meanwhile, a highly motivated behavior should be enabled and reinforced through realization of the regulatory and organizational factors for better implementation arrangement, which all supplement the educational intervention directed to change rather than just planning.

Emergence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in upper Egypt: the Giza governorate.

We found an unexpectedly high prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni in a village in the Upper Egyptian governorate of Giza. Historically, S. mansoni is endemic in the northern Egyptian Nile Delta rather than in the southern Upper Egypt. This observation was made during an evaluation of a rural health care schistosomiasis surveillance program using a cross sectional survey for S. haematobium and S. mansoni in the village of El-Gezira El-Shakra El-Saf district in the Upper Egypt Giza Governorate. A 10% systematic random sample of households of the village was chosen. All persons in the selected houses were invited to submit urine and stool samples. All students from a primary school were also included in the study. Urine was screened by a polycarbonate filtration method and stool was examined using modified Kato-Katz technique. The prevalence of S. mansoni in the population sample and in the school children was 33.7% and 57.7%, respectively, whereas the prevalence of S. haematobium infection in the population sample and the school children was 7.4% and 10.6%, respectively. The prevalence of infection was highest in the younger age groups, and males were infected more than females. Review of Ministry of Health records showed that both species of vector snails, Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina, were present from 1991 to 1995, and that B. alexandrina was more abundant than B. truncatus in the canals surrounding this village. The unexpected high prevalence of S. mansoni in this village indicates an urgent need to include training programs for S. mansoni surveillance in the primary health care facilities of Giza and to educate villagers to request examinations for S. mansoni as well as for S. haematobium infection.

Individual, household and behavioral risk factors of S haematobium infection in an Egyptian village in Giza Governorate.

A survey study has been conducted in Zaweit Abu Soelum village in Giza Governorate to study and describe individual, household and behavioral risk factor related to S. haematobium infection in an area with moderate level of infection. A systematic random sample of houses was chosen, and all individuals in the selected household were invited to participate. A total number of 616 persons in 100 houses complied in the study. A primary school was present in the village. A random sample of school children were also included. Urine and stool analysis were performed for each person. Personal, household and behavioral data were collected through personal interview. Uni-varite and multivariate analysis were done to test the available risk factors. Results showed a S. haematobium prevalence of 12.3%, whereas, a prevalence of 35.9% was observed among school children. Age as a risk factor showed the highest significance to infection, followed by the history of burning micturition with f-value = 0.001.

An evaluation of the population and development program in Egypt.

Previous rural surveys analyzing the impact of the Egyptian Population and Development Program on KAP variables (knowledge, attitudes, and practices of contraception) have produced mixed results. In 1982 a survey specifically designed to measure program impact contained refinements in questionnaire measurement, sampling, and analysis. Each refinement intensified the apparent program impact. Fertility itself still appears unresponsive, and attitudes toward family size have changed little, but marked differences between program and nonprogram areas in contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice suggest imminent fertility declines in program areas.

The demographic impacts of the population and development program: theoretical and methodological considerations.

PIP: Methodological and theoretical aspects of measuring the demographic impact of the Egyptian Population and Development Programme are examined. The authors first consider the impact of the program on contraceptive prevalence and conclude that it has had reasonable success in this area. They then expand the analysis, introducing a variety of socioeconomic factors in order to determine their impact. The need to develop more refined measures to evaluate program impact at the community level is emphasized. (SUMMARY IN ARA)^ieng

Community and family planning: a statistical analysis of Egyptian data.

PIP: This report describes the functioning and impact of Egypt's Population and Development Project (PDP) begun in 1977 by the Population and Family Planning Board to transfer program implementation to local governing units. PDP goals are to 1) promote greater contraceptive use, 2) use existing infrastructure and human participation to implement socioeconomic projects, and 3) upgrade village level management capabilities. Beginning with 20 village councils, by October, 1980, the project reached 525 village councils, covering 2915 villages, or 70% of Egypt's total rural population. A PDP Advisory Committee (PDPAC) is established in each village council. Differences between Lower and Upper Egypt include 1) more (61%) PDPAC members and 2) more female extension workers (Raiida) (65%) in Lower Egypt. The PDP also promotes small scale population related projects designed to benefit each village. Program outputs expected in 5 years, 5-10 years, or more than 10 years include 1) better contraceptive knowledge and higher continuation rates, 2) lower infant and child mortality, 3) decreased rural-urban migration, 4) higher marriage age, and 5) lower fertility and favorable attitudes to small families. The author's model tests 1) the program's goals and outputs with community characteristics, and 2) differences between PDP and non-PDP villages. 1980-1983 surveys, case studies, and program records and data were analyzed for 1) demographic variables, 2) individual variables, and 3) community variables; results show that 1) greater development is associated with lower fertility, 2) community development influences all interest measures, and 3) PDP programs clearly influence contraceptive knowledge, use, and practice.^ieng

An assessment of the Population and Development Program (PDP) based on the results of the Second Rural Fertility Survey (RFS II).

PIP: Egypt's Second Rural Fertility Survey was conducted in 1982 and covered 122 villages. In each of these villages a number of households were interviewed, and individual questionnaires were used for the wife, husband, and widowed/ divorced between the ages of 15-49. The objective of this paper is to use the preliminary findings obtained from the wife's questionnaire to assess the performance of the Population and Development (PDP) program. The paper's 3 sections focus on general observations, the preliminary analysis of the PDP impact, and program exposure. The present survey demonstrates that highly traditional sex role attitudes are characteristic of the female, that knowledge of contraception is rather superficial, that women give little thought to the number of children they should have, and that considerable opposition or indifference to family planning still exists. A total of 3845 eligible ever married women were successfully interviewed. The analysis is carried out separately for Upper and Lower Egypt because of the demographic and socioeconomic differences between the areas. In Upper Egypt, women married younger (39.3% married before the legal age of 16 compared to 33.4% in Lower Egypt). Women's participation in the labor force was relatively higher in Lower Egypt. Differences in children ever born were not statistically different in Lower Egypt between PDP villages (4.47) and non-PDP villages (4.32). The differences were also not statistically significant in Lower Egypt. Although ever users of contraception were slightly higher in the PDP villages of Lower Egypt, the percentage of current users seemed unaffected. The proportion currently using modern contraceptive methods was approximately 23% in both PDP and non-PDP villages. The PDP significantly affected increasing contraceptive use in Upper Egypt. Both ever and current user were found in higher proportions in PDP villages: 21.2% and 9.2% respectively, in contrast to 16.1% and 5.2% in non-PDP villages. In both Upper and Lower Egypt there were statistically significant differences between PDP and non-PDP villages regarding knowledge of oral contraceptives (OCs) and the IUD. Program impact was clearest in the case of Upper Egypt, where PDP areas were characterized by slightly lower fertility and child mortality, higher contraceptive prevalence, superior knowledge of contraceptives, and more favorable attitudes toward family planning. While all villages generally showed an increase in contraceptive practice, villages in which the PDP had been working for 3 or more years showed the greatest increases. The evidence suggests that efforts should be intensified to take advantage of the public's general awareness of family planning and favorable attitudes toward it.^ieng

Contraception and community in Egypt: a preliminary evaluation of the population/development mix.

Egypt's Population and Development Program (PDP) is an effort to combine family planning and development approaches at the grass roots level. Introduced as a pilot project in the late 1970s, it is now active in nearly three quarters of Egypt's villages. A 1980 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey of over 5,000 rural women stratified 124 villages according to their exposure to the program (from zero to two or more years). Comparison of women living in villages of varying exposure revealed no differences in fertility; but modest differences in knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive practice were apparent, especially in Upper Egypt. A multivariate analysis with socioeconomic and demographic controls did not weaken these relationships. Moreover, program effects were most marked among those most in need of services--noncontracepting fecund women who were illiterate.

Prevalence, continuation and availability of contraceptive methods: a summary of the results of the Egypt Contraceptive Prevalence Survey.

PIP: The Egypt Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, conducted in 1980, was designed to 1) collect data on current levels of contraceptive knowledge, use, and continuation in rural Egypt; 2) provide data on rural fertility levels and family size ideals; 3) investigate perceived availability of and accessibility to family planning services among the rural population; and 4) provide baseline data for evaluation of the Population and Development Project. The survey was based on interviews with 5313 ever-married women. 67% of respondents had married before the age of 18 years, although a trend over time toward delayed age at marriage, particularly among those with greater education, was noted. The mean number of children ever born was 4.6 in Lower Egypt and 4.7 in Upper Egypt. Women in Upper Egypt had lost an average of 1.5 children compared with 1.1 in Lower Egypt. 53% of respondents indicated an interest in limiting their family size (42% in Upper Egypt and 63% in Lower Egypt). The proportion desiring no more children was positively associated with age and number of surviving children, but not with socioeconomic status. 97% of respondents were aware of at least 1 family planning method, largely the pill, and 79% approved of contraceptive use. 83% of women in Lower Egypt and 57% of those in Upper Egypt could identify a source for family planning services. 35% of respondents (46% in Lower Egypt and 22% in Upper Egypt) had ever used a family planning method; the pill and IUD accounted for the majority of contraceptive use. 17% (25% in Lower Egypt and 8% in Upper Egypt) of currently married respondents were current users of family planning, and 15% were using a modern method. Contraceptive use was greatest among women with husbands in nonagricultural occupations and those with higher educational status and number of surviving children. Over half of contraceptive users rely on government-sponsored family planning programs for their supplies, and services are perceived as easily accessible.^ieng

A new approach for the estimation of births under registration.

PIP: The author's objective is to examine the published series of birth statistics for the period 1920-1970 in order to estimate the size of under-registration and to determine how far other related factors such as age of mother at birth have been misreported. He includes 7 tables and concludes that under-registration of births fluctuated between 1% and 34% of the reported births during the period specified. Under-registration is correlated with years of abnormal social and political conditions, such as World War 2 and the Suez crisis in the 1950s, as well as some deficiencies in the registration system itself which are gradually being eliminated. The error of reporting lower ages of the mother at birth has also been eliminated.^ieng