[Urinary incontinence in women and its impact on quality of life].

The prevalence of urinary incontinence at a young age is 20-30%, gradually increasing to 40% among older women. Urinary incontinence affects many areas of the patient's life, including social, psychological, work, sexual, etc. The main causative factors, which also influence on its severity, include age, pregnancy, childbirth and obesity. To date, there are many treatment methods for stress urinary incontinence. However, more preference is given to the sling procedures, in which mesh is placed under the middle part of the urethra. Despite being the "gold" standard for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, it is difficult to determine indications for surgical treatment, since "nonmedical" view of the patient's problem is often required. The low awareness of primary care physicians about the possibilities of treating urinary incontinence often leads to an erroneous opinion in patients about their disease and methods of treatment. Many patients regard this condition as an integral part of aging, avoid situations in which urinary incontinence is possible, which limits daily activities, sexual activity, sports and other areas of life. Based on the latest data, a review of the literature on urinary incontinence in women, risk factors, as well as existing methods of surgical correction are presented in the lecture. Particular attention is paid to the impact of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of patients and current methods for its assessment.

[ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL CARE FOR ELDERLY PATIENTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC].

The first report of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) appeared at the end of December 2019 and in March,2020 the World Health Organization announced COVID-19 a pandemic. The steady number of newly detected cases increase predetermined the modernization of the global healthcare system, shifting the paradigm of fighting with the COVID-19 pandemic towards maximum resource conservation. The change in the medical care provision for infectious patient's approach led first to a gradual decrease, and then to a complete cessation of planned surgical treatment, outpatient examinations, as well as observation of high-risk patients, which primarily include elderly patients. As a result of this, the key objective of this systematic review was to analyze sources of existing practice of providing urological care to patients of the older age group in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In accordance with the search for the keywords, the study reflects world and its own experience of MSMSU Urology Department in the treatment of age-related patients in the current epidemiological situation. The analysis showed that infectious complications from the urinary system take a leading position among the common complications inherent in elderly patients with COVID-19. The development of catheter-associated infection, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria, asymptomatic bacteriuria are only a small part of the problems clinicians have to face in newly profiled departments.

[Prospects of using bacteriophages in urological practice].

In modern clinical practice, antimicrobial resistance creates a significant problem for the effective metaphylaxis of various infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. Annually, researchers note an increasing number of mutations in the genomes of bacteria that cause infectious diseases, which leads to the appearance of more aggressive strains. The inefficiency of antibiotic therapy requires to a search for alternative methods for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. use of viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) represent one of such methods. A literature review of recent publications indicates that phage therapy has been gained significant increase. The general aspects of phage therapy, mechanism of action, as well as the existing possibilities and limitations of phage therapy in treatment and prevention of infectious diseases of the urinary system are highlighted in this article.

[Correlation of microangiographic and thermographic signs in sarcoma 45]. / Korreliatsiia mikroangiograficheskikh i termograficheskikh priznakov pri sarkome-45.

Thermographic and microangiographic studies on transplantable sarcoma 45 in subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation of tumor cells showed the appearance of "hot" and "cold" foci in the zone of tumor development. In subcutaneous implantation of sarcoma 45 "hot" foci were observed in the 1st week only, then the focal temperature was decreased and a tumor zone acquired the properties of a "cold" focus. In intramuscular tumor implantation the symptom of a "hot" focus was noted during 3 weeks. Angiography showed that the state of the vascular network of a tumor, rearrangement of microcirculation in external and central tumor zones were in some correlation to a site of tumor inoculation. Tumors of the subcutaneous fat were characterized by rapid avascularization with the formation of the "cold" focus symptom. A high degree of tumor vascularization corresponded to "hot" zones, hypovascular tumors--to "cold" zones. "Hot" zones could develop at the expense of arteriovenous anastomoses discharging hot arterial blood into the venous tumor bed passing the capillaries. Direct correlation was established between the state of blood circulation and a thermographic picture.

[Microroentgenographic study of the pancreatic vessels in terminal states]. / Mikrorentgenograficheskoe izuchenie sosudov podzheludochnoi zhelezy pri terminal'nykh sostoianiiakh.

The authors summed up the results of a study of the peripheral vascular channel of the pancreas on the autopsy material using microroentgenography. It was shown that the vascularization of the pancreas in patients who died from cardiovascular insufficiency developing in the presence of myocardial infarction or acute disorder of the cerebral circulation, reflected with a sufficient degree of accuracy the energetic level which was typical of the body during disease.

[Microangiographic signs of blood vessel rearrangement during tumor growth]. / Microangiograficheskie priznaki perestroiki krovenosnykh sosudov v protsesse rosta opukholi.

In the experiment performed in mice with a subcutaneously implanted sarcoma-37 on the chin, rearrangement of the blood vessels has been followed by means of micro-roentgenography. In the process of the implanted tumour growth, the blood vessels undergo a profound functional-anatomical rearrangement, which develops, beginning from the first hours, in two ways: at the expense of the peripheral vessels rearrangement in the recepient and at the expense of real tumorous vessels development ensuaring vascular trophic of the tumour.

[Oxygen status and angioarchitectonics of different types of tumors and their changes after radiotherapy]. / Kislorodnyi status i angioarkhitektonika opukholei razlichnykh tipov i ikh izmenenie pri luchevoi terapii.

The study of the oxygen tension and blood supply to the implanted tumors of different histological structures demonstrated a correlation between pO2 and blood supply of sarcoma 37 after a single and fractionated irradiation. As to Lewis carcinoma and B-16 melanoma, the correlation was only found in tumors of a small size: as the tumor grew up to 14-15 mm such a correlation was absent. It was also established that the radiation-induced changes in the vessels and the oxygenation depended upon the histological structure of the tumor.

[Microroentgenography of transplantable tumors]. / Mikrorentgenografiia perevivaemykh opukholei.

Ehrlich ascites tumors were transplanted into the soft tissue of albino mouse hind leg. It was found that vascularization in tumor tissue proceeds in step with relevant morphologic alterations. The formation of three patterns of blood circulation system in tumor is completed within 7 days. Tumor transplantation is followed by pronounced vascular dystonia development and venous plethora. These changes are particularly distinct in lymph nodes in the zone adjacent to tumor.

[Microroentgenography of transplantable tumors]. / Mikrorentgenografiia perevivaemykh opukholei.

The results of microroentgenographic study of vascularisation of Ehrlich's carcinoma in albino mice 2, 24 and 48 hrs after implantation are discussed. Pronounced reorganisation of blood vessels occurs in muscles, bone lymph nodes, skin and subcutaneous fat within the first hours after tumor implantation. Venous collectors of peripheral blood vessels become dilated due to the formation of arterio-venous anastamoses and the by-passing of capillary beds. The formation of arterio-venous shunts is a biological factor which is conducive to hypoxia development at tumor site.