Clinical application of the 21-gene oncotype recurrence score in an older cohort: A single center experience.

BACKGROUND: In early luminal breast cancer, the Oncotype DX® Recurrence Score (RS) prognostic and predictive value with regards to chemotherapy (CHT) application benefit has been broadly validated. In older patients its value has not been deeply addressed. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of RS testing and to look at differences in treatment allocation for these patients when compared with younger ones. METHODS: We included data from consecutive patients with early luminal HER2-negative breast cancer, treated between 2010 and 2022 at the University Hospital Basel and Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Switzerland. The older cohort included 63 (19%) patients aged ≥70, and the younger cohort 263 (81%) patients aged <70. RESULTS: Older breast cancer patients had more co-morbidities (N = 36, 57% vs. N = 92, 35%, p = 0.002) and a higher clinical risk status (N = 49, 78% vs. N = 155, 59%; p = 0.01) when compared to younger patients. Histopathologic characteristics were significantly different between the two cohorts. Although older patients had a higher clinical risk status (78% vs. 59%) (p = 0.01), most of them (74%) received no CHT. Specifically, adjuvant CHT was administered less frequently in older than in younger patients (13% vs. 22%; p = 0.01). Moreover, older patients were less likely to complete CHT (>4 cycles: 78% vs. 97%). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer patients aged ≥70 have higher clinical risk status, more co-morbidities, higher clinical stage (driven by larger tumor size), and more often RS ≥26. However, they receive fewer adjuvant RT and CHT than those aged <70. RS maintains its independent prognostic value in older patients. However, assessing the predictive value of additional CHT benefit remains challenging due to significant differences in CHT administration. Although therapy decision-making in older patients with breast cancer still follows RS-based guidelines, clinical practice indicates an individualized treatment approach.

Predictability of morphological changes of the anterior chamber angle after laser iridotomy by ultrasound biomicroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Laser peripheral iridotomy is a useful method in primary angle-closure eyes to prevent angle-closure attack and development of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. The aim of this study was to quantify morphological changes after LPI and their impact on intraocular pressure, and to evaluate predictive parameters for enlarging the anterior chamber angle after laser peripheral iridotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ultrasound biomicroscopy images and intraocular pressure before and after laser peripheral iridotomy from 62 eyes of 34 patients with primary angle-closure were retrospectively analysed. Anterior chamber angle, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, iris curvature and a newly defined parameter, the end-iris-lens vault were measured. RESULTS: In each quadrant anterior chamber angle was on average significantly larger (at 12 o'clock: from 10.1° to 15.0°; at 3 o'clock: from 13.4° to 19.8°; at 6 o'clock: from 12.2° to 18.5°; at 9 o'clock: from 12.9 to 17.9°; p<0.001) and iris curvature significantly smaller (at 12 o'clock: from 0.26 mm to 0.10 mm; at 3 o'clock: from 0.21 mm to 0.08 mm; at 6 o'clock: from 0.25 mm to 0.08 mm; at 9 o'clock: from 0.21 mm to 0.08 mm; p<0.001) after laser peripheral iridotomy. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and end-iris-lens-vault did not significantly change. Anterior chamber angle in each quadrant (p<0.05), and iris curvature at 3 and 6 o'clock positions (p<0.05) were highly predictive for the enlargement of the anterior chamber angle after laser peripheral iridotomy. Intraocular pressure was slightly lower after laser peripheral iridotomy (from 16.6 mmHg to 16.1 mmHg). CONCLUSION: In primary angle-closure eyes, laser peripheral iridotomy enlarges the angle and flattens the iris significantly. This study demonstrated that a small anterior chamber angle and a large iris curvature are predictive parameters for a greater enlargement of the anterior chamber angle after laser peripheral iridotomy. These new findings underline the importance of the ultrasound biomicroscopy and may help in counselling patients about laser peripheral iridotomy.

The 2-global flash mfERG in glaucoma: attempting to increase sensitivity by reducing the focal flash luminance and changing filter settings.

PURPOSE: To test a new 2-flash multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) paradigm in glaucoma using a reduced light intensity of the m-frame flash as opposed to the global flash, as it has been suggested that this may increase the responses induced by the global flash, which has been the part of the mfERG response where most changes have been noted in glaucoma. METHODS: A mfERG was recorded from one eye of 22 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients [16 normal tension glaucoma (NTG), 6 high tension glaucoma (HTG)] and 20 control subjects. A binary m-sequence (2^13-1, Lmax 100 cd/m2, Lmin<1 cd/m2), followed by two global flashes (Lmax 200 cd/m2) at an interval of 26 ms (VERIS 6.0™, FMSIII), was used. The stimulus array consisted of 103 hexagons. Retinal signals were amplified (gain=50 K) and bandpass filtered at 1-300 Hz. For each focal response, the root mean square was calculated. We analyzed 5 larger response averages (central 15° and 4 adjoining quadrants) as well as 8 smaller response averages (central 10° and 7 surrounding response averages of approximately 7° radius each). Three epochs were analyzed: the direct component at 15-45 ms (DC) and the following two components induced by the effects of the preceding focal flash on the response to the global flashes at 45-75 ms (IC-1) and at 75-105 ms (IC-2). Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed effects models adjusted for age. RESULTS: Responses differed significantly between POAG patients and controls in all central response averages. This difference was larger for the central 10° than for the response average of the central 15°. While these observations held true for all response epochs analyzed, the DC differed least and the IC-1 most when POAG was compared to control. For POAG, the most sensitive differential measure was IC-1 of the central 10° with an area under the ROC curve of 0.78. With a cutoff value of 12.52 nV/deg2, 80% of the POAG patients (100% HTG, 69% NTG) were correctly classified as abnormal, while 77% of the control subjects were correctly classified as normal. When the results of the mfERG were compared to the visual fields, there was a tendency for the mfERG to decrease as the mean defect increased. However, this correlation was only significant in the superior nasal quadrant when the IC-1 of the mfERG was compared to the corresponding area of the visual field. CONCLUSION: When compared to findings from previous studies, reducing the luminance of the m-frame flash in the 2-global flash paradigm did not increase the sensitivity and specificity of the mfERG to detect glaucoma further.

Prognosis of early-stage synchronous bilateral invasive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Contradictory data exists concerning the prognosis of patients with synchronous bilateral breast cancer (SBBC). Most authors report a worse prognosis for SBBC patients compared to unilateral breast cancer (UBC) patients. There are a few studies that did not support these findings. This study gives a comprehensive picture of SBBC and tests the hypothesis that outcome of this entity is based on the tumor with the worse prognosis (reference lesion). PATIENTS & METHODS: The data of two prospective Swiss breast cancer databases covering a 20-year period (1990-2009) was reviewed. Forty-six cases of SBBC were identified. In 34 patients with early-stage SBBC, the reference lesions (defined as the tumor with the more advanced stage or, in cases where both tumors had the same stage, the larger tumor) were compared in a case-control approach with 100 patients having UBC (SBBC/UBC ratio = 1/3). The controls were matched for age, time of diagnosis, tumor size, axillary node status, histological grade and estrogen-receptor status. Differences in terms of survival curves were analyzed using the log rank test; the possible correlation between matched groups was evaluated by a frailty Cox model. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in disease-specific survival between SBBC and its unilateral controls (HR, 0.932; 95% CI, 0.322-1.07; p = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of SBBC was determined by the reference lesion; the contralateral second tumor had no additional impact on outcome.

Metastatic involvement of the urinary tract in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: lessons from the autopsy for an interdisciplinary treatment approach.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: Frequency and extent of metastases in urologic organs found at autopsy of ovarian carcinoma patients were evaluated. METHODS: Autopsy reports from 170 patients who died of advanced ovarian carcinoma between 1975 and 2005 were studied. The distribution of abdominal metastatic sites with particular attention to the involvement of the urologic organs, and hydronephrosis was analyzed. RESULTS: The distribution of metastatic sites was as follows: kidney (n = 6, 3.5%), urinary bladder (n = 38, 22.4%), and ureter (n = 20, 11.8%). In 36 patients, hydronephrosis was observed (21.2%); of these patients, 20 (55.6%) also had ureteral involvement. All patients with ureteral involvement had hydronephrosis. CONCLUSION: Hydronephrosis in late stages of ovarian carcinoma, usually attributed to extrinsic compression of the ureter by an abdominal tumor, may also be explained by ureteral metastases. This fact must be considered in the clinical management of these patients, particularly in the restoration of luminal patency through an endoscopically placed internal ureteral stent.

The effect of ranibizumab versus photodynamic therapy on DNA damage in patients with exudative macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of ranibizumab treatment versus photodynamic therapy (PDT) on single-stranded DNA damage in circulating leukocytes in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: A comparative quantification of single-stranded DNA breaks was performed in circulating leukocytes of AMD patients before and 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, and 24 h after two different modes of therapy: a) PDT; and b) intravitreal ranibizumab injection. DNA breaks lead to smaller pieces of DNA, which in an electrical field, migrate out of the nucleus forming a tail. Damage of an individual cell was quantified as a comet tail moment. The proportion of non-zero values compared to the total number of observations was referred to as "amount of DNA damage" expressed in arbitrary units (AU). Comparisons between time points and study groups were assessed using a linear mixed-effect model. RESULTS: PDT induced an increase in the amount of single-stranded DNA damage in the circulating leukocytes from 0.2 AU (before treatment) to 0.53 AU (30 min after treatment). This increase was significant (p=0.004). In contrast, after ranibizumab treatment, the DNA damage in the circulating leukocytes remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: PDT purposely induces a local oxidative stress to damage the newly formed vessels. Our results indicate an additional systemic oxidative stress, apparent as amount of single-stranded DNA damage in the circulating leukocytes, for at least 30 min after treatment.

Macula-off retinal detachment--a matter of time?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the lag time between macular detachment and surgical intervention on post-operative visual acuity gain in patients with rhegmatogenous macula-off retinal detachment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of 62 consecutive patients having undergone scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous macula-off retinal detachment. The correlation of gender, age, refraction, number of retinal breaks, development of cataract during follow-up, pre-operative visual acuity and timing of surgical intervention with final visual acuity and post-operative visual acuity gain were determined. Mean follow-up time was 12.7 months. RESULTS: A correlation with final visual acuity was found for pre-operative visual acuity and lag between the beginning of symptoms and surgical intervention. A correlation with visual acuity gain was found only for timing of surgical procedure. When divided into subgroups operated after 0, 1-3, 4-6, or 7-9 days, respectively, visual recovery was better the earlier the patients underwent surgical repair. Compared to surgery at day 0, statistical significance was found only for patients operated 4 or more days after the occurrence of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The first three days seem to represent a relatively safe period during which surgery for macula-off retinal detachment may be postponed without compromising the patient's visual prognosis.

[Response of retinal vessel diameter to flicker-light in vasospastics compared to healthy controls]. / Flickerlichtprovokation bei Vasospastikern verglichen mit gesunden Kontrollpersonen.

BACKGROUND: Vascular dysregulation is considered to be a risk factor in several ophthalmic diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reaction of retinal vessels to flicker light in otherwise healthy subjects with a vasospastic propensity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy Caucasians, aged between 18-35 years were recruited for this study and grouped into vasospastics, based on a history of frequent cold hands, even in summer, with concordant findings in nailfold capillary microscopy, or as controls, if such a history was absent. The reaction of the retinal vascular diameter to flicker light was observed in a distance of two to three discs diameters away from the optic nerve head with the retinal vessel analyser. Three phases of flicker light of twenty seconds followed by baseline light phases of eighty seconds were recorded. The maximal vasodilatory amplitude of each flicker phase was determined and the results averaged. RESULTS: The maximal average dilatory amplitude at the arterial side reached (mean +/- SD) 2.9 +/- 1.7 % and 4.8 +/- 2.6 % of the baseline amplitude respectively in vasospastic subjects and in healthy controls (t = 2.34; p = 0.025). The reaction at the venous side was statistically comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Otherwise healthy, vasospastic subject disclosed an altered reaction of the retinal vasculature to flicker light in this study.

Target and reality of adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal patients with invasive breast cancer.

Previous research evaluating the use of adjuvant endocrine therapy among postmenopausal breast cancer patients showed with 15-50% wide ranges of non-adherence rates. We evaluated this issue by analysing an unselected study group comprising of 325 postmenopausal women, diagnosed from 1997 to 2003 with hormonal receptor-positive invasive breast cancer. The different clinical situations that led to the discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy were clearly defined and differentiated: non-adherence was not simply the act of stopping medication, but rather the manifestation of an intentional behaviour of the patient. Of the 287 patients who initiated endocrine therapy, 191 (66.6%) fully completed this treatment. Thirty-one patients (10.8%) showed non-adherence to therapy. Patients who had follow-up with a general practitioner, rather than in an oncologic unit, were more likely to be non-adherent (P=0.0088). Of 25 patients who changed medication due to therapy-related adverse effects, 20 (80%) patients fully completed the therapy after drug change. In adjuvant endocrine therapy, a lowering of the non-adherence rate to 10.8%, the lowest reported in the literature, is realistic when patients are cared for by a specialised oncologic unit focusing on the individual needs of the patients.

Detection of visual field progression in glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare an event analysis and a trend analysis for the detection of progression in glaucomatous visual field loss. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Excluding initial fields (Octopus, Haag-Streit AG, Köniz, Switzerland), baseline was defined as the average result of the second and third examinations. Eyes with at least 6 additional fields entered the study. The event analysis used the method of the Collaborative Normal Tension Glaucoma Study, and the trend analysis was based on a point-wise linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 251 glaucoma patients, 235 left eyes and 225 right eyes qualified for the study. Using the event analysis, 44 series suggested a progressive damage, while the point-wise regression approach disclosed only 14 progressing series. In 9 eyes, the two approaches were concordant. Among the latter, 1 - 5 additional fields were necessary in 7 series to disclose progression using the trend analysis. In one series, the event analysis showed progression 7 examinations later. CONCLUSIONS: The point-wise linear regression analysis classified fewer cases as progressing than the event analysis and determined progression later.

Breast cancer sagittal/horizontal plane location influences axillary lymph node involvement.

AIM: To assess the influence of tumour location on axillary lymph node involvement (ALNI) and prognosis in breast cancer by evaluating the significance of the sagittal/horizontal alignment. METHODS: We compared 57 patients with superficially located breast carcinomas up to 3.0 cm with patients having lesions in posterior planes of the breast. Both groups were matched according to age, time of diagnosis, tumour size, grade, hormonal receptor status and tumour site within the frontal plane. Histologic evidence of skin involvement, excluding tumours fulfilling the criteria for pT4b, was defined as inclusion criteria and reference plane for superficial tumour location. RESULTS: Tumours situated in the superficial region of the breast, compared to those located in deeper planes, have an increased risk of ALNI (p=0.023), whereas no difference was observed with reference to disease-specific survival (p=0.203). CONCLUSION: This study shows that ALNI is dependent on sagittal/horizontal as well as frontal tumour location. Clinicians should be aware that tumours lying posteriorly may be at increased risk of occult spread outside axillary lymph nodes.

Scope and significance of non-uniform classification practices in breast cancer with non-inflammatory skin involvement: a clinicopathologic study and an international survey.

BACKGROUND: The study evaluates the scope of non-uniform classification practices concerning breast carcinomas with non-inflammatory skin involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared the clinical course of patients with histologically proven non-inflammatory skin involvement: 119 (65.4%) with clinically obvious 'classical' skin changes (Group A) and 63 (34.6%) with no or only discreet changes (Group B). A questionnaire was circulated to pathology departments in 24 countries to assess the practice concerning the placement of skin- involved breast carcinomas in the TNM classification. RESULTS: Patients in Group B showed a significantly better disease specific survival (P=0.0002). Eighty-six respondents (70.5%) of the survey preferred the 'histological view' and classified tumors with only histological proven skin involvement as T 4 b/stage IIIB. The opposing classification principle ('clinical view'), which dictates that T 4 b breast cancer is a clinical diagnosis and the classical signs must be present, was supported by 31 respondents (25.4%). CONCLUSIONS: A large number of breast cancer patients with non-inflammatory skin involvement are only histologically proven and show, compared with cases exhibiting the classical clinical signs, significant differences in clinical course and prognosis. In general, both subsets were aggregated in one T category/stage (T 4 b/IIIB). This results in a considerable distortion of the reported statistical data.

Patterns of her-2/neu amplification and overexpression in primary and metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Only 25% of patients with HER-2/neu-positive metastatic breast tumors respond favorably to trastuzamab (Herceptin) treatment. We hypothesized that a high failure rate of patients on trastuzamab could result if some of the metastases were HER-2 negative and these metastases ultimately determine the course of the disease. METHODS: We used tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing four samples each from 196 lymph node-negative primary tumors, 196 lymph node-positive primary tumors, and three different lymph node metastases from each lymph node-positive tumor to estimate HER-2 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Her-2 protein overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: FISH and IHC analyses gave the same result with respect to HER-2 status for 93.7% of the tissues contained in the TMAs. Tissue samples were, therefore, considered to be HER-2 positive if they were positive for either HER-2 DNA amplification or Her-2 protein expression and HER-2 negative if both FISH and IHC gave a negative result. The HER-2 status of lymph node-positive primary tumors was maintained in the majority of their metastases. For HER-2-positive primary tumors, 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 59% to 90%) had entirely HER-2-positive metastases, 6.5% (95% CI = 8% to 21%) had entirely HER-2-negative metastases, and 16.3% (95% CI = 5% to 34%) had a mixture of HER-2-positive and HER-2-negative metastases. For HER-2-negative primary tumors, 95% (95% CI = 88% to 98%) had metastases that were entirely negative for HER-2. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that differences in HER-2 expression between primary tumors and their lymph node metastases cannot explain the high fraction of nonresponders to trastuzamab therapy.

Nocturnal dip in the optic nerve head perfusion.

PURPOSE: Many physiological parameters, including blood pressure, show circadian variations. Diurnal fluctuations of the optic nerve head (ONH) circulation have not yet been studied. The purpose of the present study was to determine the pattern of ONH blood flow variations over a 24-hour period in healthy subjects. METHODS: The subject group comprised 15 healthy volunteers (6 women, 9 men) aged 22 to 43 years (mean +/- SEM: 28.2 +/- 1.3 years). Blood flow in the ONH was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) over a 24-hour period at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, 20:00, 24:00 hours, and at 08:00 hours the following morning. RESULTS: ONH perfusion varied significantly over time. The mean LDF-flow during daytime ranged from 8.2 to 8.9 arbitrary units (AU) and fell at midnight to 7.1 AU (P =.0015). The mean LDF-volume during daytime was 0.23 to 0.24 AU and decreased at midnight to 0.20 AU (P =.04). The mean LDF-velocity ranged from 0.39 to 0.41 kHz with no significant differences at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Our study in normal subjects reveals small mean changes of ONH perfusion during daytime and a significant reduction at night. The physiological and clinical relevance of the nocturnal dip in the ONH perfusion needs to be determined in future studies.

Choroidal laser Doppler flowmetry in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate normal choroidal blood flow and its relationship with various factors such as age, systemic blood pressure, and intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: A total of 70 healthy subjects were recruited. Choroidal blood flow was assessed using a method based on laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique. The LDF parameters of velocity, volume, and flux were obtained. The influence of age, mean systemic blood pressure, IOP, smoking, and sex on choroidal hemodynamic parameters was assessed in a multiple linear regression model. The correlations between interocular difference in IOP and interocular differences in the LDF parameters were assessed by means of the Pearson linear correlation factor. RESULTS: Velocity decreased significantly (P = .03) with advancing age of the subjects and volume increased significantly (P = .02) with increasing IOP. Mean blood pressure, smoking, and sex had no influence on the choroidal LDF parameters. Interocular difference in IOP correlated significantly with interocular difference in volume (R = 0.34, P<.005). CONCLUSION: Choroidal blood flow velocity decreased with increasing age of the subjects, while the volume of moving erythrocytes decreased with lower IOP.

Modulation of Heidelberg Retinal Flowmeter parameter flow at the papilla of healthy subjects: effect of carbogen, oxygen, high intraocular pressure, and beta-blockers.

The Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter (HRF) is intended to assess ocular blood flow by scanning laser doppler flowmetry. In the retina and possibly in the optic nerve head, carbogen increases blood flow, whereas pure oxygen or high intraocular pressure (IOP) decrease it. This study addresses whether at the papilla of healthy volunteers, the HRF parameter flow, is modulated by breathing 5% carbogen (5% carbon dioxide + 95% oxygen) for 7 minutes, breathing 100% oxygen for 7 minutes, increasing IOP to 50 mm Hg with a suction cup, or decreasing IOP with a single topical ocular instillation of the beta-blockers 0.5% betaxolol (betoptic) or 0.5% timolol (timoptic). At the papilla (20 degrees x 5 degrees, 256 X 64 pixels), values of HRF parameter, flow (50 X 50) pixels, increased after carbogen (N = 5, P < 0.05), but decreased after oxygen (N = 5, P < 0.05) or IOP increase (N = 5, P < 0.01). Although IOP values were significantly reduced by betaxolol (N = 9, P < 0.05) and timolol (N = 9, P < 0.01), HRF values were only significantly decreased (N = 9, P < 0.05) after timolol. In conclusion, at the papilla of healthy volunteers, a positive correlation exists between changes in values of the HRF-parameter, flow, and stimuli considered to modulate retinal and ONH blood flow. Furthermore, although of unkown clinical relevance, it appears that in contrast to betaxolol, values of the HRF parameter, flow, at the papilla of healthy volunteers are significantly decreased after a single instillation of timolol.

Heidelberg retina flowmeter parameters at the papilla in healthy subjects.

PURPOSE: To assess the Heidelberg Retina Flowmeter (HRF) parameters "volume", "flow", and "velocity", at the papilla in healthy subjects. METHODS: HRF measurements were taken at the papilla (5 degrees x 20 degrees), superficially at level of the retina and at the bottom of the excavation. The effect of increasing frame size (1 x 1 to 50 x 50 pixels) on HRF values was assessed in ten subjects. HRF parameters were calculated (50 x 50 pixels) for 150 eyes of 150 subjects. To assess short-term reliability, measurements were repeated five times in ten subjects. RESULTS: With 50 x 50 pixels the location of the frame had no influence on HRF values. Reliability was > 90%. Values were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the superficial than in the deeper papillary layers. The correlation between HRF parameters was good (r2 > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: A low magnification (5 degrees x 20 degrees) and a 50 x 50 frame allows a global assessment of HRF parameters at the papilla with high reliability. In healthy eyes, the HRF values are influenced by the level where measurements are made at the papilla. This might be of importance in glaucoma patients with excavated papilla.

Body mass index in glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare body mass index (BMI) of patients with open-angle glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma with BMI in control subjects. METHODS: BMI was calculated for 288 control subjects, 42 patients with open-angle glaucoma with treated intraocular pressure (IOP) higher than 21 mmHg, 87 patients with open-angle glaucoma with progression of glaucomatous damage despite IOP less than 21 mmHg, and 57 patients with normal-tension glaucoma. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in BMI between patients with glaucoma and control subjects. If anything, there was a tendency for patients with glaucoma to have a lower BMI than control subjects. CONCLUSION: These data show that obesity seems not to be a risk factor for glaucoma.

Optimizing distribution and number of test locations in perimetry.

BACKGROUND: Short programs with few test locations have been proposed for glaucoma screening. Program G1x of the Octopus 1-2-3 automated perimeter is divided into four stages and permits the examination to be stopped after 16, 32, 45, or all 59 test locations. We investigated whether such short programs provide information comparable with that supplied by standard programs in glaucoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 99 visual fields of 81 glaucomatous and 18 glaucoma-suspect right eyes, mean defect (MD) and loss variance (LV) of the entire visual field were compared with MD and LV of the 4 stages of Program G1x. RESULTS: MD of the entire visual field averaged 0.40 dB, with averages of -0.17 dB, 0.34 dB, 0.47 dB, and 1.04 dB for stages 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. LV of the entire visual field averaged 13.0 dB2 and was similar for all four stages. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the 16 test locations of stage 1 of Program G1x underestimate the visual-field damage present in the entire field. We recommend examination of at least 32 test locations, i.e., two stages of Program G1x. However, a prospective study is required to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of short programs for glaucoma screening. The selection of test locations for the stages might be improved.

[Optimizing the distribution and test locations in statistical perimetry. Preliminary results]. / Optimierung der Verteilung und der Anzahl Testorte in der statischen Perimetrie. Vorläufige Resultate.

BACKGROUND: Are short programs useful to glaucoma-screening? We investigated the concept of Program G1x with Octopus 1-2-3, which permits examination of various numbers of test locations i.e., 16, 32, 45, or all 59 test locations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using 99 visual fields of glaucomatous or glaucoma-suspect right eyes, we compared mean defect (MD) and loss variance (LV) of the global visual field with MD and LV of the stages of G1x-program (standard strategy). RESULTS: The results showed that stage 1 of Program G1x underestimated the glaucomatous visual field damage present in the entire field. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the use of only the first stage (16 test locations) of G1x is not advisable. At least 32 test locations, i.e., stages 1 and 2 of program G1x, are recommended for clinical perimetry.