Oncogenic Ras differentially regulates metabolism and anoikis in extracellular matrix-detached cells.

In order for cancer cells to survive during metastasis, they must overcome anoikis, a caspase-dependent cell death process triggered by extracellular matrix (ECM) detachment, and rectify detachment-induced metabolic defects that compromise cell survival. However, the precise signals used by cancer cells to facilitate their survival during metastasis remain poorly understood. We have discovered that oncogenic Ras facilitates the survival of ECM-detached cancer cells by using distinct effector pathways to regulate metabolism and block anoikis. Surprisingly, we find that while Ras-mediated phosphatidylinositol (3)-kinase signaling is critical for rectifying ECM-detachment-induced metabolic deficiencies, the critical downstream effector is serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) rather than Akt. Our data also indicate that oncogenic Ras blocks anoikis by diminishing expression of the phosphatase PHLPP1 (PH Domain and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 1), which promotes anoikis through the activation of p38 MAPK. Thus, our study represents a novel paradigm whereby oncogene-initiated signal transduction can promote the survival of ECM-detached cells through divergent downstream effectors.

Anoikis evasion in inflammatory breast cancer cells is mediated by Bim-EL sequestration.

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and highly invasive type of breast cancer, and patients diagnosed with IBC often face a very poor prognosis. IBC is characterized by the lack of primary tumor formation and the rapid accumulation of cancerous epithelial cells in the dermal lymphatic vessels. Given that normal epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival, a comprehensive examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC cell survival in the lymphatic vessels is of paramount importance to our understanding of IBC pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to normal mammary epithelial cells, IBC cells evade ECM-detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis). ErbB2 and EGFR knockdown in KPL-4 and SUM149 cells, respectively, causes decreased colony growth in soft agar and increased caspase activation following ECM detachment. ERK/MAPK signaling was found to operate downstream of ErbB2 and EGFR to protect cells from anoikis by facilitating the formation of a protein complex containing Bim-EL, LC8, and Beclin-1. This complex forms as a result of Bim-EL phosphorylation on serine 59, and thus Bim-EL cannot localize to the mitochondria and cause anoikis. These results reveal a novel mechanism that could be targeted with innovative therapeutics to induce anoikis in IBC cells.

Multimodal optical, X-ray CT, and SPECT imaging of a mouse model of breast cancer lung metastasis.

Tumor heterogeneity is recognized as a major issue within clinical oncology, and the concept of personalized molecular medicine is emerging as a means to mitigate this problem. Given the vast number of cancer types and subtypes, robust pre-clinical models of cancer must be studied to interrogate the molecular mechanisms involved in each scenario. In particular, mouse models of tumor metastasis are of critical importance for pre-clinical cancer research at the cancer cell molecular level. In many of these experimental systems, tumor cells are injected intravenously, and the distribution and proliferation of these cells are subsequently analyzed via ex vivo methods. These techniques require large numbers of animals coupled with time-consuming histological preparation and analysis. Herein, we demonstrate the use of two facile and noninvasive imaging techniques to enhance the study of a pre-clinical model of breast cancer metastasis in the lung. Breast cancer cells were labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore that enables their visualization. Upon injection into a living mouse, the distribution of the cells in the body was detected and measured using whole animal fluorescence imaging. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was subsequently used to provide a quantitative measure of longitudinal tumor cell accumulation in the lungs over six weeks. A nuclear probe for lung perfusion, 99mTc-MAA, was also imaged and tested during the time course using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Our results demonstrate that optical fluorescence methods are useful to visualize cancer cell distribution patterns that occur immediately after injection. Longitudinal imaging with X-ray CT provides a convenient and quantitative avenue to measure tumor growth within the lung space over several weeks. Results with nuclear imaging did not show a correlation between lung perfusion (SPECT) and segmented lung volume (CT). Nevertheless, the combination of animal models and noninvasive optical and CT imaging methods provides better research tools to study cancer cell differences at the molecular level. Ultimately, the knowledge gleaned from these improved studies will aid researchers in uncovering the mechanisms mediating breast cancer metastasis, and eventually improve the treatments of patients in the clinic.