[Chronic non-cancer-related pain. Long-term treatment with rapid-release and short-acting opioids in the context of misuse and dependency]. / Chronische nichttumorbedingte Schmerzen. Langzeitbehandlung mit schnell freisetzenden und kurz wirksamen Opioiden im Kontext von Missbrauch und Abhängigkeit.

Annually published data show a continual increase in the volume of opioid prescriptions in Germany, thus indicating an intensification of opioid therapy. The majority of opioids are prescribed to treat chronic non-cancer-related pain. On the basis of current guidelines, as well as in terms of the lack of data regarding long-term use of opioids and their effectiveness beyond a period of 3 months, this development must be viewed critically. With reference to four case reports, we discuss and evaluate opioid therapy in relation to medication misuse and the development of drug dependency. Particular emphasis is placed on the administration of rapid-release and short-acting opioid preparations, which we consider to be particularly problematic.

[Physicians' knowledge and attitudes concerning the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic cancer and non-cancer pain]. / Befragung schmerztherapeutisch interessierter Arzte zum Umgang mit Opioiden.

INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of opioids has been proved and several guidelines and expert panel-based recommendations regarding the use of opioids in different pain syndromes are available. Nevertheless, undertreatment of pain with strong opioids was reported in previous studies. It was shown that physicians' lack of knowledge, their concerns and misconceptions about the opioid use and the controlled substances regulations that govern the prescriptions of opioids occasionally contribute to insufficient pain treatment. This study was designed to evaluate German physicians' knowledge and their concerns about the use of opioids. METHOD: During a postgraduate course a questionnaire was completed by German physicians specializing in pain therapy. RESULTS: A total of 226 physicians completed the questionnaire (response rate 57%). Many of them had poor knowledge of the WHO recommendations for the treatment of cancer pain including the WHO analgesic ladder. Deficiencies in the knowledge of pharmacological aspects and controlled substances regulations were revealed. Many physicians would prescribe strong opioids for non-opioid-sensitive types of pain. The concerns regarding opioid therapy included adverse effects and addiction. In contrast to earlier findings the German controlled substances regulations no longer seem to be a barrier to the prescription of opioids in the treatment of chronic severe pain since they were changed in 1998. As a result, the lack of knowledge and the physicians' concerns about the use of opioids as shown in this survey may likely lead to an insufficient treatment of patients suffering from severe chronic pain. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to improve the medical students' education and the physicians' postgraduate training regarding principles of pain management such as the WHO guidelines for the treatment of cancer pain. A better knowledge of important pharmacological aspects of opioids should help to reduce physicians' concerns about the use of strong opioids. Nevertheless, improvement of physicians' skills in pain therapy is only one aim in a multidisciplinary concept in order to improve patients' pain therapy.

[Evaluation of a multimodal pain therapy at the University Pain Centre Dresden]. / Evaluation einer multimodalen Schmerztherapie am UniversitätsSchmerzCentrum Dresden.

BACKGROUND: Data of a multimodal pain management program of the multidisciplinary pain management centre at the University Hospital of Dresden is presented. Over a period of 4 weeks, supplemented by an additional week 3 months later (booster week), patients with chronic pain of different origins are being treated in groups of 12. Based on the principles of the biopsychosocial pain model and the idea of functional restoration, the program is dedicated for pain patients where outpatient treatment was insufficient. METHODS: The program was evaluated on the basis of pain intensity (NRS), pain disability (PDI), fear and depression (HADS-D), catastrophizing (CSQ) and health-related quality of life and vitality (SF-36). The data were collected at the beginning and end of the initial 4 week treatment period, at the end of the booster period as well as 6 and 12 months after the end of active treatment. RESULTS: A total of 189 patients were included in the program in the period from January 2006 until August 2008. All outcome parameter showed statistically significant improvements with small to high effect sizes (ES 0.20-0.95). The results stayed stable even 1 year after the treatment. The highest effect sizes were found in catastrophizing (ES 0.86) and average pain intensity (ES 0.95). The primary pain diagnosis (e. g. low back pain versus headache) had no impact on treatment outcome. CONCLUSION: Significant and clinically relevant improvements could be achieved with the multimodal pain management program in groups of 12 patients. The results were stable over a time period of 1 year. Pain diagnosis had no impact on the outcome.

[A multimodal and multidisciplinary postoperative pain management concept]. / Multimodales und interdisziplinäres postoperatives Schmerztherapiekonzept.

Under-treatment of acute postoperative pain can lead to chronic pain with neuronal plasticity and result in poor surgical outcomes. A multimodal approach is therefore necessary to reduce postoperative pain by combining various analgesics with a non-pharmacological strategy. The current use of multimodal approaches, even for the management of postoperative pain, can reduce the side effects of pharmaceutical therapy alone as well as reducing the length of hospital stay. Adequate pain control is an important prerequisite for the application of rehabilitation programmes and will thereby influence functional outcome. In addition, patient satisfaction, as a major benchmarking factor after surgical treatment, is significantly influenced by the quality of postoperative pain management.