Costs and acceptability of simplified monitoring in HIV-suppressed patients switching to dual therapy: the SIMPL'HIV open-label, factorial randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and laboratory monitoring of patients on antiretroviral therapy is an integral part of HIV care and determines whether treatment needs enhanced adherence or modification of the drug regimen. However, different monitoring and treatment strategies carry different costs and health consequences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SIMPL'HIV study was a randomised trial that assessed the non-inferiority of dual maintenance therapy. The co-primary outcome was a comparison of costs over 48 weeks of dual therapy with standard antiretroviral therapy and the costs associated with a simplified HIV care approach (patient-centred monitoring [PCM]) versus standard, tri-monthly routine monitoring. Costs included outpatient medical consultations (HIV/non-HIV consultations), non-medical consultations, antiretroviral therapy, laboratory tests and hospitalisation costs. PCM participants had restricted immunological and blood safety monitoring at weeks 0 and 48, and they were offered the choice to complete their remaining study visits via a telephone call, have medications delivered to a specified address, and to have blood tests performed at a location of their choice. We analysed the costs of both strategies using invoices for medical consultations issued by the hospital where the patient was followed, as well as those obtained from health insurance companies. Secondary outcomes included differences between monitoring arms for renal function, lipids and glucose values, and weight over 48 weeks. Patient satisfaction with treatment and monitoring was also assessed using visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Of 93 participants randomised to dolutegravir plus emtricitabine and 94 individuals to combination antiretroviral therapy (median nadir CD4 count, 246 cells/mm3; median age, 48 years; female, 17%),patient-centred monitoring generated no substantial reductions or increases in total costs (US$ -421 per year [95% CI -2292 to 1451]; p = 0.658). However, dual therapy was significantly less expensive (US$ -2620.4 [95% CI -2864.3 to -2331.4]) compared to standard triple-drug antiretroviral therapy costs. Approximately 50% of participants selected one monitoring option, one-third chose two, and a few opted for three. The preferred option was telephone calls, followed by drug delivery. The number of additional visits outside the study schedule did not differ by type of monitoring. Patient satisfaction related to treatment and monitoring was high at baseline, with no significant increase at week 48. CONCLUSIONS: Patient-centred monitoring did not reduce costs compared to standard monitoring in individuals switching to dual therapy or those continuing combined antiretroviral therapy. In this representative sample of patients with suppressed HIV, antiretroviral therapy was the primary factor driving costs, which may be reduced by using generic drugs to mitigate the high cost of lifelong HIV treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03160105.

Circulating HBV RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen trajectories in persons with HIV/HBV coinfection and HBsAg loss on tenofovir therapy.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated long-term trajectories of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV)-RNA and hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) in persons with and without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss during tenofovir therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. METHODS: We included 29 persons with HIV (PWH) with HBsAg loss and 29 matched PWH without loss. We compared HBV-RNA and HBcrAg decline and assessed the cumulative proportions with undetectable HBV-RNA and HBcrAg levels during tenofovir therapy using Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS: HBsAg loss occurred after a median of 4 years (IQR 1 - 8). All participants with HBsAg loss achieved suppressed HBV-DNA and undetectable HBV-RNA preceding undetectable qHBsAg levels, whereas 79% achieved negative HBcrAg. In comparison, 79% of the participants without HBsAg loss achieved undetectable HBV-RNA and 48% negative HBcrAg. After two years on tenofovir, an HBV RNA decline ≥1 log10 copies/ml had 100% sensitivity and 36.4% specificity for HBsAg loss, whereas an HBcrAg decline ≥1 log10 U/ml had 91.0% sensitivity and 64.5% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: HBV-RNA suppression preceded undetectable qHBsAg levels, and had high sensitivity but low specificity for HBsAg loss during tenofovir therapy in PWH. HBcrAg remained detectable in approximately 20% of persons with, and 50% of persons without HBsAg loss.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Cabotegravir Following Oral Administration and Long-Acting Intramuscular Injection in Real-World People with HIV.

Long-acting cabotegravir has been studied mainly in the stringent framework of clinical trials, which does not necessarily reflect the situation of people with HIV (PWH) in routine clinical settings. The present population pharmacokinetic analysis aims to build real-world reference percentile curves of cabotegravir concentrations, accounting for patient-related factors that may affect cabotegravir exposure. The second objective is to simulate whether dosing interval adjustments of cabotegravir could be considered in specific subpopulations. Overall, 238 PWH contributed to 1,038 cabotegravir levels (186 during the initial oral administration phase and 852 after intramuscular injection). Cabotegravir pharmacokinetics was best described using a one-compartment model with distinct first order-absorption for oral and intramuscular administrations, and identical volume and clearance. Our model showed almost 40% faster absorption and 30% higher clearance than previously reported, resulting in a time to steady-state of 8 months and an elimination half-life of 4.6 weeks for long-acting cabotegravir. Sex and body mass index significantly influenced absorption, and bodyweight affected clearance. Model-based simulations showed that cabotegravir trough concentrations in females were 25% lower 4 weeks after the intramuscular loading dose, but 42% higher during the late maintenance phase. Finally, simulations indicated that in females, despite significantly higher cabotegravir concentrations, longer intervals between injections may not consistently ensure levels above the 4-fold protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory target concentration.

Immune response to the recombinant herpes zoster vaccine in people living with HIV over 50 years of age compared to non-HIV age-/gender-matched controls (SHINGR'HIV): a multicenter, international, non-randomized clinical trial study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The burden of herpes zoster (shingles) virus and associated complications, such as post-herpetic neuralgia, is higher in older adults and has a significant impact on quality of life. The incidence of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to an age-matched general population, including PLWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) with no detectable viremia and normal CD4 counts. PLWH - even on effective ART may- exhibit sustained immune dysfunction, as well as defects in cells involved in the response to vaccines. In the context of herpes zoster, it is therefore important to assess the immune response to varicella zoster virus vaccination in older PLWH and to determine whether it significantly differs to that of HIV-uninfected healthy adults or younger PLWH. We aim at bridging these knowledge gaps by conducting a multicentric, international, non-randomised clinical study (SHINGR'HIV) with prospective data collection after vaccination with an adjuvant recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in two distinct populations: in PLWH on long-term ART (> 10 years) over 50 years of and age/gender matched controls. METHODS: We will recruit participants from two large established HIV cohorts in Switzerland and in France in addition to age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls. Participants will receive two doses of RZV two months apart. In depth-evaluation of the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses and safety profile of the RZV will be performed to address the combined effect of aging and potential immune deficiencies due to chronic HIV infection. The primary study outcome will compare the geometric mean titer (GMT) of gE-specific total IgG measured 1 month after the second dose of RZV between different age groups of PLWH and between PLWH and age-/gender-matched HIV-uninfected controls. DISCUSSION: The SHINGR'HIV trial will provide robust data on the immunogenicity and safety profile of RZV in older PLWH to support vaccination guidelines in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05575830. Registered on 12 October 2022. Eu Clinical Trial Register (EUCT number 2023-504482-23-00).

Real-world trough concentrations and effectiveness of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine: a multicenter prospective observational study in Switzerland.

Background: The efficacy and tolerability of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine were demonstrated in Phase III trials. However, low concentrations combined with other risk factors have been associated with an increased risk of virologic failure. This study aims to verify whether drug concentrations measured in a real-world setting are consistent with those previously reported. Methods: SHCS-879 is a nationwide observational study within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study for the monitoring of people with HIV (PWH) on long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. Samples were collected from March 2022 to March 2023. Findings: Overall, 725 samples were obtained from 186 PWH. Our data show a large inter-individual variability in cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations, with some individuals exhibiting repeatedly low concentrations. Rilpivirine trough concentrations were consistent with those from Phase III trials, while cabotegravir concentrations were lower. The first concentrations quartile was only slightly above the target of 664 ng/mL. Exploratory statistical analyses found 35% (p < 0·01) lower cabotegravir trough in males compared to females. Overall, 172 PWH (92%) remained suppressed and three experienced virologic failures (1·6%), of those, two had sub-optimal drug exposure. No association was found between low trough levels and detectable viral load. Interpretation: Real-world cabotegravir concentrations are substantially lower than previously reported. However, these concentrations appear sufficient to ensure sustained virological suppression in almost every PWH. These reassuring data challenge the rather conservative thresholds adopted to date, which may raise unnecessary concerns. Yet, our study reveals that some PWH have repeatedly very low drug levels, for reasons that remain to be elucidated. Funding: This work was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant number N◦ 324730_192449. This study received no support from pharmaceutical industries. This study was performed within the framework of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant #201369), by SHCS project #879, and by the SHCS research foundation. The SHCS data were gathered by the Five Swiss University Hospitals, two Cantonal Hospitals, 15 affiliated hospitals and 36 private physicians (listed in http://www.shcs.ch/180-health-care-providers).

Long-term trends in hepatitis C prevalence, treatment uptake and liver-related events in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections changed dramatically in the last decade. We assessed changes in the prevalence of replicating HCV infection, treatment uptake and liver-related morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV (PWH) and hepatitis C in the Swiss HIV cohort study. METHODS: We included all cohort participants between 2002 and 2021. We assessed yearly prevalence of replicating HCV infection, overall and liver-related mortality, as well as the yearly incidence of liver-related events in persons with at least one documented positive HCV-RNA. RESULTS: Of 14 652 participants under follow-up, 2294 had at least one positive HCV-RNA measurement. Of those, 1316 (57%) ever received an HCV treatment. Treatment uptake increased from 8.1% in 2002 to a maximum of 32.6% in 2016. Overall, prevalence of replicating HCV infection declined from 16.5% in 2004 to 1.3% in 2021. HCV prevalence declined from 63.2% to 7.1% in persons who inject drugs, and from 4.1% to 0.6% in men who have sex with men. Among the 2294 persons with replicating HCV infection, overall mortality declined from a maximum of 3.3 per 100 patient-years (PY) to 1.1 per 100 PY, and incidence of liver-related events decreased from 1.4/100 PY to 0.2/100 PY. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of DAA therapy was associated with a more than 10-fold reduction in prevalence of replicating HCV infection in PWH, approaching the estimates in the general population. Overall mortality and liver-related events declined substantially in persons living with HIV and hepatitis C.

Long-term quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) trajectories in persons with and without HBsAg loss on tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Improving the understanding of the patterns of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) trajectories associated with HBsAg loss is important in light of novel anti-hepatitis B virus agents being developed. We evaluated long-term qHBsAg trajectories in persons with HIV and HBV during tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. METHODS: We included 29 participants with and 29 without HBsAg loss, defined as qHBsAg <0.05 IU/mL. We assessed qHBsAg decline during therapy in both groups and used agglomerative hierarchical clustering to identify different qHBsAg trajectory profiles in persons with HBsAg loss. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 11.9 years (IQR 8.4-14.1), and the median time to HBsAg loss was 48 months (IQR 12-96). Among participants with HBsAg loss, 79% had a qHBsAg decline ≥1 log10 IU/mL 2 years after starting tenofovir. The trajectories in qHBsAg levels during tenofovir therapy were heterogeneous, characterized by five distinct profiles. Among participants without HBsAg loss, only 7% had a qHBsAg decline ≥1 log10 IU/ml after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Most persons with HIV who experienced HBsAg loss had an early decline in qHBsAg levels, with diverse trajectories during long-term tenofovir therapy. In persons without HBsAg loss, qHBsAg levels remained remarkably stable over time.

Antiretroviral Drug Exposure and Response in Obese and Morbidly Obese People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A Study Combining Modelling and Swiss HIV Cohort Data.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is increasingly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) and can possibly result in suboptimal antiretroviral drug (ARV) exposure and response. However, this has not been thoroughly evaluated given that obese PWH are underrepresented in clinical trials. We performed virtual trials using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling combined with observed clinical data to provide ARV dosing guidance in obese individuals. METHODS: Each trial included a cohort of virtual adults with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 60 kg/m2. Therapeutic drug-monitoring data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) were used to verify the predictive performance of the model. Subsequently, the model was applied to predict the pharmacokinetics of ARVs for different obesity classes. The association between ARV plasma concentrations and virological response was investigated in obese and nonobese individuals. RESULTS: The PBPK model predicted an average reduction in ARV exposure of ∼20% and trough concentrations of ∼6% in obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) compared with nonobese (BMI: 18.5-25 kg/m2) individuals, consistent with observed clinical data. Etravirine and rilpivirine were the most impacted, especially in individuals with BMI >40 kg/m2 whose trough concentrations were below the clinical target threshold. Obese PWH in the SHCS did not have a higher rate of unsuppressed viral load than nonobese PWH. CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations of ARVs are modestly reduced in obese individuals, with no negative impact on the virological response. Our data provide reassurance that standard doses of ARVs are suitable in obese PWH, including those who gained substantial weight with some of the first-line ARVs.

External validation of the Dat'AIDS score: A risk score for predicting 5-year overall mortality in people living with HIV aged 60 years or older.

OBJECTIVE: To perform an external validation of the Dat'AIDS score for predicting 5-year overall mortality among people with HIV (PWH) aged 60 years or older. METHODS: This was a multi-centre prospective cohort study at all sites participating in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). We calculated the Dat'AIDS score in PWH aged 60 years or older at their first visit between 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2020. People living with HIV-2 and those whose Dat'AIDS score could not be calculated were excluded. Patients were followed until 1 January 2020. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Vital status was collected throughout the study period. We obtained population and score descriptive statistics and assessed the score's discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: We included 2205 participants (82% male) of median [interquartile range (IQR)] age 62.0 (60.3-67.0) years, mostly with viraemia <50 copies/mL (92.7%). Median follow-up time was 15.9 years and median (IQR) CD4 cell count at enrolment was 586 (420-782) cells/µL. In all, 152 deaths were recorded during a total follow-up period of 7147 patient-years. The median (IQR) observed Dat'AIDS score was 3 (0-8). Discriminative capacities were good as the C-statistic was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.69-0.77) and consistent across all subgroups. Comparison of observed and expected survival probabilities showed good calibration. CONCLUSIONS: External validation of the Dat'AIDS score in patients aged 60 years or older showed that it could be a useful tool not only for research purposes, but also to identify older patients at a higher mortality risk and to tailor the most appropriate interventions.

Exploring group differences in the response to a sexual risk reduction intervention to prevent hepatitis C virus reinfection in HIV-infected MSM: a mixed-methods study.

To prevent hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection, within the Swiss HCVree Trial, a preventive risk reduction intervention was implemented alongside curative treatment. Formative qualitative research identified three response patterns to the intervention. This mixed-methods study's aim was to cross-validate group differences in (a) the content of sexual risk reduction goals set during intervention and (b) the extent of their behavioural change in condomless anal intercourse with non-steady partners (nsCAI), sexualised and intravenous drug use at start and six-month post-intervention. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to summarise goal setting domains. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used to evaluate group differences based on assumptions of the group descriptions. Results largely confirmed assumptions on inter-group response differences in goal setting and behaviour: as expected group 1 Avoid risks showed the lowest HCV risk profile with changes in nsCAI. Group 2 Minimize-risks and Group 3 Accept-risks showed unchanged nsCAI. Group 3 had the highest HCV risk profile. Differences in their goal preferences (1: condom use; 2 reduction blood exposure; 3 safer dating) highlight diversity in attitudes to behavioural change. Our results improve understanding of variability in intervention responses such as changes in attitudes and behaviour. This provides evidence for intervention tailoring and outcome measurement.

Chronic hepatitis C virus infections in Switzerland in 2020: Lower than expected and suggesting achievement of WHO elimination targets.

In this multi-method study, we investigated the prevalence of chronic infections with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Switzerland in 2020, and assessed Switzerland's progress in eliminating HCV as a public health problem by 2030 with regard to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria targeting infections acquired during the preceding year ('new transmissions') and HCV-associated mortality. Based on a systematic literature review, the reappraisal of a 2015 prevalence analysis assuming 0.5% prevalence among the Swiss population and data from many additional sources, we estimated the prevalence among subpopulations at increased risk and the general population. For new transmissions, we evaluated mandatory HCV notification data and estimated unreported new transmissions based on subpopulation characteristics. For the mortality estimate, we re-evaluated a previous mortality estimate 1995-2014 based on new data on comorbidities and age. We found a prevalence of ≤0.1% among the Swiss population. Discrepancies to the 2015 estimate were explained by previous (i) underestimation of sustained virologic response numbers, (ii) overestimation of HCV prevalence among PWID following bias towards subgroups at highest risk, (iii) overestimation of HCV prevalence among the general population from inclusion of high-risk persons and (iv) underestimation of spontaneous clearance and mortality. Our results suggest that the WHO elimination targets have been met 10 years earlier than previously foreseen. These advancements were made possible by Switzerland's outstanding role in harm-reduction programmes, the longstanding micro-elimination efforts concerning HIV-infected MSM and nosocomial transmissions, little immigration from high-prevalence countries except Italian-born persons born before 1953, and wealth of data and funding.

Impact of Integrase Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Disease Events in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Starting Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. We investigated the impact of starting INSTI-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) on CVD events among treatment-naïve people with human immunodeficiency virus using a target trial framework, which reduces the potential for confounding and selection bias. METHODS: We included Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants who were ART-naïve after May 2008, when INSTIs became available in Switzerland. Individuals were categorized according to their first ART regimen (INSTI vs other ART) and were followed from ART start until the first of CVD event (myocardial infarction, stroke, or invasive cardiovascular procedure), loss to follow-up, death, or last cohort visit. We calculated hazard ratios and risk differences using pooled logistic regression models with inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights. RESULTS: Of 5362 participants (median age 38 years, 21% women, 15% of African origin), 1837 (34.3%) started INSTI-based ART, and 3525 (65.7%) started other ART. Within 4.9 years (interquartile range, 2.4-7.4), 116 CVD events occurred. Starting INSTI-based ART was not associated with an increased risk for CVD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], .46-1.39). Adjusted risk differences between individuals who started INSTIs and those who started other ART were -0.17% (95% CI, -.37 to .19) after 1 year, -0.61% (-1.54 to 0.22) after 5 years, and -0.71% (-2.16 to 0.94) after 8 years. CONCLUSIONS: In this target trial emulation, we found no difference in short- or long-term risk for CVD events between treatment-naïve people with human immunodeficiency virus who started INSTI-based ART and those on other ART.

Novel Echinacea formulations for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults-A randomized blinded controlled trial.

Background: Echinacea purpurea has clinical antiviral activity against respiratory viruses and modulates immune functions. In this study, we compared higher doses of new Echinacea formulations with conventional formulations at lower, preventive doses for therapy of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Methods: In this randomized, blinded, controlled trial, healthy adults (n = 409) were randomized between November 2018 and January 2019 to one of four Echinacea formulations, which were taken in case of an RTI for up to 10 days. New formulations A (lozenges) and B (spray) delivered an increased dose of 16,800 mg/d Echinacea extract during days 1-3 and 2,240-3,360 mg/d afterward; as controls, conventional formulations C (tablets) and D (drops) delivered a lower daily dose of 2,400 mg, usually taken for prevention. The primary endpoint was time to clinical remission of first RTI episodes based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis of patient-reported, investigator-confirmed, respiratory symptoms assessed for up to 10 days. In a sensitivity analysis, the mean time to remission beyond day 10 was calculated by extrapolating the treatment effects observed on days 7 to 10. Results: A total of 246 participants (median age 32 years, 78% female participants) were treated for at least one RTI. Recovery by day 10 (complete absence of symptoms) was achieved in 56 and 44% of patients with the new and conventional formulations, respectively, showing a median time to recovery of 10 and 11 days, respectively (p = 0.10 in intention-to-treat analysis, p = 0.07 in per-protocol analysis). In the extrapolated sensitivity analysis, new formulations resulted in a significantly shorter mean time to remission (9.6 vs. 11.0 days, p < 0.001). Among those with an identified respiratory virus, viral clearance until day 10 based on real-time PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs was more frequent with new formulations (70 vs. 53%, p = 0.046). Tolerability and safety (adverse events: 12 vs. 6%, p = 0.19) were good and similar between formulations. There was one severe adverse event with a potential hypersensitivity reaction in a recipient of the novel spray formulation. Conclusion: In adults with acute RTI, new Echinacea formulations with higher doses resulted in faster viral clearance than conventional formulations in prophylactic dosages. The trend for faster clinical recovery was not significant by day 10 but became so upon extrapolation. A dose increase during acute respiratory symptoms might improve the clinical benefits of orally administered Echinacea formulations. Trial registration: The study was registered in the Swiss National Clinical Trials Portal (SNCTP000003069) and on ClinicalTrials.gov (NTC03812900; URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03812900?cond=echinacea&draw=3&rank=14).

Effect of SLCO1B1 c.521T>C polymorphism on the lipid response to statins in people living with HIV on a boosted protease inhibitor-containing regimen.

AIMS: We previously observed that some individuals on HIV boosted protease inhibitor-containing regimen do not achieve their lipid targets despite elevated statin concentrations. This study evaluated whether the common single polymorphism c.521T>C in SLCO1B1, associated with reduced statin uptake in the liver, could explain this observation. METHODS: People living with HIV in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were eligible if they were on a boosted protease inhibitor concomitantly with a statin for at least 6 months and if their SLCO1B1 genotype was available. Furthermore, their lipids had to be documented before and after the introduction of the statin. The statin efficacy was defined as % change in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides levels after statin initiation compared to pretreatment levels. Lipid response was adjusted for differences in potency and dose between statins. RESULTS: In total, 88 people living with HIV were included, of whom 58, 28 and 2 carried the SLCO1B1 TT, TC and CC genotypes, respectively. The change in lipid levels after statin initiation tended to be lower in carriers of the polymorphism although the difference was not statistically significant (TT vs. TC/CC: total cholesterol: -11.7 vs. -4.8%; low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol: -20.6 vs. -7.4%; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol: 1.6 vs. 0%; triglycerides: -11.5 vs. -7.9%). In the multiple linear regression, change in total cholesterol was inversely correlated with the total cholesterol level prestatin treatment (coefficient -6.60, 95% confidence interval: -9.63 to -3.56, P < .001). CONCLUSION: The lipid-lowering effect of statins tended to be attenuated by SLCO1B1 polymorphism and progressively declined as total cholesterol under the boosted protease inhibitor treatment decreased.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Replication During Tenofovir Therapy Is Frequent in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HBV Coinfection.

In the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, 61 of 222 (27%) HIV-suppressed persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection had HBV replication after 2 years on tenofovir, of whom 77% were suppressed thereafter. Self-reported adherence to therapy and HBV viral load at tenofovir initiation were predictors of persistent replication.

The role of HIV/hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus RNA+ triple infection in end-stage liver disease and all-cause mortality in Europe.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and mortality in people with HIV (PWH) coinfected with both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: All PWH aged greater than 18 under follow-up in EuroSIDA positive for HBsAg (HBV), and/or HCVRNA+, were followed from baseline (latest of 1 January 2001, EuroSIDA recruitment, known HBV/HCV status) to ESLD, death, last visit, or 31 December 2020. Follow-up while HCVRNA- was excluded. In two separate models, Poisson regression compared three groups updated over time; HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV, and HIV/HBV/HCV. RESULTS: Among 5733 included individuals, 4476 (78.1%) had HIV/HCV, 953 (16.6%) had HIV/HBV and 304 (5.3%) had HIV/HBV/HCV. In total, 289 (5%) developed ESLD during 34 178 person-years of follow-up (PYFU), incidence 8.5/1000 PYFU [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5-9.4] and 707 deaths occurred during 34671 PYFU (incidence 20.4/1000 PYFU; 95% CI 18.9-21.9). After adjustment, compared with those with HIV/HCV, persons with HIV/HBV had significantly lower rates of ESLD [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 0.53; 95% CI 0.34-0.81]. Those with HIV/HBV/HCV had marginally significantly higher rates of ESLD (aIRR 1.49; 95% CI 0.98-2.26). Those under follow-up in 2014 or later had significantly lower rates of ESLD compared with 2007-2013 (aIRR 0.65; 95% CI 0.47-0.89). Differences in ESLD between the three groups were most pronounced in those aged at least 40. After adjustment, there were no significant differences in all-cause mortality across the three groups. CONCLUSION: HIV/HBV-coinfected individuals had lower rates of ESLD and HIV/HBV/HCV had higher rates of ESLD compared with those with HIV/HCV, especially in those aged more than 40. ESLD decreased over time across all groups. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02699736.

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: A Cross-Sectional Study.

FGM/C is a harmful practice that involves injury of the external female genitalia without medical purpose. It is mainly practiced in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. However, with the migratory flows, women and girls with FGM/C and its consequences live all over the world. The lack of knowledge on how to care for women and girls living with FGM/C extends among all categories of health professionals involved in women's health, including infectious disease specialists. This is a national, exploratory descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to generate descriptive statistics about FGM/C among HIV-infected migrant women included in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). Among the 387 women interviewed about FGM/C and who provided an answer, 80 (20.7%) reported to have undergone FGM/C. Fifty-six of the 80 women (70.0%) who reported having undergone FGM/C, also reported that they had never discussed their cutting with a health professional before. Our study demonstrates how common female genital mutilation is in women living with HIV and who have migrated to Switzerland and suggest how care and prevention could be improved significantly.

Triggers of Change in Sexual Behavior Among People With HIV: The Swiss U U Statement and COVID-19 Compared.

We assessed changes in sexual behavior among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) over 20 years. Condom use with stable partners steadily declined from over 90 to 29 since the Swiss U U statement, with similar trajectories between men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals. Occasional partnership remained higher among MSM compared to heterosexuals even during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) social distancing.

Unsupervised machine learning predicts future sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections among HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

Machine learning is increasingly introduced into medical fields, yet there is limited evidence for its benefit over more commonly used statistical methods in epidemiological studies. We introduce an unsupervised machine learning framework for longitudinal features and evaluate it using sexual behaviour data from the last 20 years from over 3'700 participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). We use hierarchical clustering to find subgroups of men who have sex with men in the SHCS with similar sexual behaviour up to May 2017, and apply regression to test whether these clusters enhance predictions of sexual behaviour or sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) after May 2017 beyond what can be predicted with conventional parameters. We find that behavioural clusters enhance model performance according to likelihood ratio test, Akaike information criterion and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for all outcomes studied, and according to Bayesian information criterion for five out of ten outcomes, with particularly good performance for predicting future sexual behaviour and recurrent STIs. We thus assess a methodology that can be used as an alternative means for creating exposure categories from longitudinal data in epidemiological models, and can contribute to the understanding of time-varying risk factors.