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Prototheca wickerhamii is a rare cause of cutaneous and systemic infection that requires long treatment courses with potentially toxic medications. We describe a patient with cutaneous protothecosis refractory to triazole monotherapy who experienced clinical and radiographic improvement with the novel oral lipid nanocrystal formulation of amphotericin B without experiencing toxicity.
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BACKGROUND: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a life-threatening, autosomal recessive syndrome caused by autoimmune regulator (AIRE) deficiency. In APS-1, self-reactive T cells escape thymic negative selection, infiltrate organs, and drive autoimmune injury. The effector mechanisms governing T-cell-mediated damage in APS-1 remain poorly understood. METHODS: We examined whether APS-1 could be classified as a disease mediated by interferon-γ. We first assessed patients with APS-1 who were participating in a prospective natural history study and evaluated mRNA and protein expression in blood and tissues. We then examined the pathogenic role of interferon-γ using Aire-/-Ifng-/- mice and Aire-/- mice treated with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib. On the basis of our findings, we used ruxolitinib to treat five patients with APS-1 and assessed clinical, immunologic, histologic, transcriptional, and autoantibody responses. RESULTS: Patients with APS-1 had enhanced interferon-γ responses in blood and in all examined autoimmunity-affected tissues. Aire-/- mice had selectively increased interferon-γ production by T cells and enhanced interferon-γ, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (pSTAT1), and CXCL9 signals in multiple organs. Ifng ablation or ruxolitinib-induced JAK-STAT blockade in Aire-/- mice normalized interferon-γ responses and averted T-cell infiltration and damage in organs. Ruxolitinib treatment of five patients with APS-1 led to decreased levels of T-cell-derived interferon-γ, normalized interferon-γ and CXCL9 levels, and remission of alopecia, oral candidiasis, nail dystrophy, gastritis, enteritis, arthritis, Sjögren's-like syndrome, urticaria, and thyroiditis. No serious adverse effects from ruxolitinib were identified in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that APS-1, which is caused by AIRE deficiency, is characterized by excessive, multiorgan interferon-γ-mediated responses. JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib in five patients showed promising results. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others.).
Assuntos
Proteína AIRE , Interferon gama , Inibidores de Janus Quinases , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes , Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteína AIRE/deficiência , Proteína AIRE/genética , Proteína AIRE/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Quimiocina CXCL9/genética , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/imunologia , Inibidores de Janus Quinases/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Knockout , Nitrilas/uso terapêutico , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/genética , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/imunologia , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/imunologia , Projetos Piloto , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Criança , Adolescente , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Paecilomyces variotii is an opportunistic mold that causes pulmonary infections in immunosuppressed humans that are often treated with triazole therapy. Lupus nephritis is a major cause of progressive kidney disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, often requiring cyclophosphamide-based therapies. Triazole-cyclophosphamide co-administration is challenging as triazoles increase cyclophosphamide concentrations, which can worsen cyclophosphamide toxicity. We describe herein a patient with Paecilomyces variotii pneumonia and concomitant lupus nephritis who was successfully treated with posaconazole and echinocandin-bridged interruptions to allow for cyclophosphamide therapy. This regimen was well-tolerated without cyclophosphamide toxicity and achieved improvements in both fungal pneumonia and renal function.
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Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an inherited disorder of immunity which leads to increased risk for mucocutaneous candidiasis and multiorgan autoimmune disease. While alopecia areata (AA) has been described in some patients with APECED, the extent and timing of AA is not well established and extent and timing of concomitant vitiligo and hypothyroidism has not been described. We evaluated an APECED cohort followed at the National Institutes of Health for the timing of development of associated diseases. We found AA occurred earlier in those with APECED than in the general population, was rarely the first sign of APECED, and the timing of AA onset did correlate with the timing of onset of vitiligo or hypothyroidism which also occurred at high rates and early age.
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Alopecia em Áreas , Hipotireoidismo , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes , Vitiligo , Humanos , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/complicações , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Alopecia em Áreas/complicações , Alopecia em Áreas/epidemiologia , Alopecia em Áreas/diagnóstico , Vitiligo/complicações , Vitiligo/epidemiologia , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Hipotireoidismo/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by severe and childhood onset organ-specific autoimmunity caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. More recently, dominant-negative mutations within the PHD1, PHD2, and SAND domains have been associated with an incompletely penetrant milder phenotype with later onset familial clustering, often masquerading as organ-specific autoimmunity. Patients with immunodeficiencies or autoimmunity where genetic analyses revealed heterozygous AIRE mutations were included in the study and the dominant-negative effects of the AIRE mutations were functionally assessed in vitro. We here report additional families with phenotypes ranging from immunodeficiency, enteropathy, and vitiligo to asymptomatic carrier status. APS-1-specific autoantibodies can hint to the presence of these pathogenic AIRE variants although their absence does not rule out their presence. Our findings suggest functional studies of heterozygous AIRE variants and close follow-up of identified individuals and their families.
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Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis typically affects immunocompetent individuals following traumatic inoculation. Severe or disseminated infection can occur in CARD9 deficiency or after transplantation, but the mechanisms protecting against phaeohyphomycosis remain unclear. We evaluated a patient with progressive, refractory Corynespora cassiicola phaeohyphomycosis and found that he carried biallelic deleterious mutations in CLEC7A encoding the CARD9-coupled, ß-glucan-binding receptor, Dectin-1. The patient's PBMCs failed to produce TNF-α and IL-1ß in response to ß-glucan and/or C. cassiicola. To confirm the cellular and molecular requirements for immunity against C. cassiicola, we developed a mouse model of this infection. Mouse macrophages required Dectin-1 and CARD9 for IL-1ß and TNF-α production, which enhanced fungal killing in an interdependent manner. Deficiency of either Dectin-1 or CARD9 was associated with more severe fungal disease, recapitulating the human observation. Because these data implicated impaired Dectin-1 responses in susceptibility to phaeohyphomycosis, we evaluated 17 additional unrelated patients with severe forms of the infection. We found that 12 out of 17 carried deleterious CLEC7A mutations associated with an altered Dectin-1 extracellular C-terminal domain and impaired Dectin-1-dependent cytokine production. Thus, we show that Dectin-1 and CARD9 promote protective TNF-α- and IL-1ß-mediated macrophage defense against C. cassiicola. More broadly, we demonstrate that human Dectin-1 deficiency may contribute to susceptibility to severe phaeohyphomycosis by certain dematiaceous fungi.
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Feoifomicose , beta-Glucanas , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Feoifomicose/microbiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Autoantibodies that recognize extracellular proteins (the exoproteome) exert potent biological effects but are challenging to detect. Here, we developed rapid extracellular antigen profiling (REAP), a high-throughput technique for the comprehensive discovery of exoproteome-targeting autoantibodies. Patient samples are applied to a genetically barcoded yeast surface display library containing 2,688 human extracellular proteins. Antibody-coated yeast are isolated, and sequencing of barcodes is used to identify displayed antigens. To benchmark REAP's performance, we screened 77 patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1). REAP sensitively and specifically detected both known and previously unidentified autoantibodies in APS-1. We further screened 106 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and identified numerous autoantibodies, several of which were associated with disease severity or specific clinical manifestations and exerted functional effects on cell signaling ex vivo. These findings demonstrate the utility of REAP to atlas the expansive landscape of exoproteome-targeting autoantibodies and their impacts on patient health outcomes.
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Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes , Humanos , Autoanticorpos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Autoantígenos , Gravidade do Paciente , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/complicaçõesRESUMO
Binding levels and neutralization activity of anti-type 1 interferon autoantibodies peaked during acute coronavirus disease 2019 and markedly decreased thereafter. Most patients maintained some ability to neutralize type 1 interferon into convalescence despite lower levels of binding immunoglobulin G. Identifying these autoantibodies in healthy individuals before the development of critical viral disease may be challenging.
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COVID-19 , Interferon Tipo I , Autoanticorpos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G , Interferon-alfaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED; also known as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1) has a severe, unpredictable course. Autoimmunity and disease components may affect fertility and predispose to maternal and fetal complications, but pregnancy outcomes remain unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess fetal and maternal outcomes and course of clinical APECED manifestations during pregnancy in women with APECED. DESIGN AND SETTING: A multicenter registry-based study including 5 national patient cohorts. PATIENTS: 321 females with APECED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Number of pregnancies, miscarriages, and deliveries. RESULTS: Forty-three patients had altogether 83 pregnancies at median age of 27 years (range, 17-39). Sixty (72%) pregnancies led to a delivery, including 2 stillbirths (2.4%) and 5 (6.0%) preterm livebirths. Miscarriages, induced abortions, and ectopic pregnancies were observed in 14 (17%), 8 (10%), and 1 (1.2%) pregnancies, respectively. Ovum donation resulted in 5 (6.0%) pregnancies. High maternal age, premature ovarian insufficiency, primary adrenal insufficiency, or hypoparathyroidism did not associate with miscarriages. Women with livebirth had, on average, 4 APECED manifestations (range 0-10); 78% had hypoparathyroidism, and 36% had primary adrenal insufficiency. APECED manifestations remained mostly stable during pregnancy, but in 1 case, development of primary adrenal insufficiency led to adrenal crisis and stillbirth. Birth weights were normal in >80% and apart from 1 neonatal death of a preterm baby, no serious perinatal complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome of pregnancy in women with APECED was generally favorable. However, APECED warrants careful maternal multidisciplinary follow-up from preconceptual care until puerperium.
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Aborto Espontâneo/epidemiologia , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/complicações , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Natimorto , Aborto Espontâneo/imunologia , Aborto Espontâneo/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Idade Materna , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/imunologia , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/metabolismo , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/imunologia , Nascimento Prematuro/metabolismo , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type-1 (APS-1), is a rare monogenic autoimmune disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. AIRE deficiency impairs immune tolerance in the thymus and results in the peripheral escape of self-reactive T lymphocytes and the generation of several cytokine- and tissue antigen-targeted autoantibodies. APECED features a classic triad of characteristic clinical manifestations consisting of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), hypoparathyroidism, and primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). In addition, APECED patients develop several non-endocrine autoimmune manifestations with variable frequencies, whose recognition by pediatricians should facilitate an earlier diagnosis and allow for the prompt implementation of targeted screening, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the genetic, immunological, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment features of APECED.
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Patients with the monogenic immune dysregulatory syndrome autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, uniformly carry neutralizing autoantibodies directed against type-I interferons (IFNs) and many develop autoimmune pneumonitis, both of which place them at high risk for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Bamlanivimab and etesevimab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and block entry of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. The use of bamlanivimab and etesevimab early during infection was associated with reduced COVID-19-associated hospitalization and death in patients at high risk for progressing to severe disease, which led the US Food and Drug Administration to issue an emergency use authorization for their administration in non-hypoxemic, non-hospitalized high-risk patients. However, the safety and efficacy of these mAbs has not been evaluated in APECED patients. We enrolled two siblings with APECED on an IRB-approved protocol (NCT01386437) and admitted them prophylactically at the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation of mild-to-moderate COVID-19. We assessed the safety and clinical effects of early treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab. The administration of bamlanivimab and etesevimab was well tolerated and was associated with amelioration of COVID-19 symptoms and prevention of invasive ventilatory support, admission to the intensive care, and death in both patients without affecting the production of antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2. If given early in the course of COVID-19 infection, bamlanivimab and etesevimab may be beneficial in APECED and other high-risk patients with neutralizing autoantibodies directed against type-I IFNs.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/administração & dosagem , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Adulto , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/genética , COVID-19/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Interferons/genética , Interferons/imunologia , Masculino , Mutação , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/complicações , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/genética , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/imunologia , Proteína AIRERESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypoparathyroidism has heterogeneous genetic and acquired etiologies with a broad spectrum of severity. Herein we describe the clinical outcomes of the largest cohort of hypoparathyroid patients reported to date, who were followed over 27-years. DESIGN: Pooled analysis of current and past studies describing the differential responses to PTH 1-34 injections vs conventional therapy among the varied hypoPT etiologies. METHODS: 192 participants (ages 2-74 years) with hypoparathyroidism who received either calcitriol and calcium or PTH 1-34 by subcutaneous injection. RESULTS: Among the 4 main etiologic categories of hypoparathyroidism (autoimmune polyglandular failure type 1, activating mutation of the calcium receptor, surgical, and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism), we reveal significant differences in PTH 1-34 dose requirements, prevalence of nephrocalcinosis, biomarkers of mineral homeostasis, and pharmacodynamic profiles. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased significantly (P < 0.001) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels decreased during PTH 1-34 injections compared to calcitriol therapy (P < 0.01). Post-surgical patients achieved consistently lower urine calcium excretion over long-term PTH 1-34 therapy compared to conventional therapy (p < 0.001), but this was not achieved in the other etiologies. At study entry, patients had a high prevalence of renal insufficiency and nephrocalcinosis which were directly related to the duration of hypoparathyroidism (P < 0.03). Renal function remained stable during participation in our studies for both PTH 1-34 and conventional therapies. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the effects and dose-response of PTH 1-34 treatment differ according to the etiology of hypoparathyroidism. Postsurgical hypoPT maintained mean serum calcium levels in the mid- to low-normal range while concurrently maintaining normal mean urine calcium during long-term twice-daily PTH 1-34 therapy.
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Cálcio , Hipoparatireoidismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Calcitriol/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Hipoparatireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Fósforo , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Patients with biallelic loss-of-function variants of AIRE suffer from autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1) and produce a broad range of autoantibodies (auto-Abs), including circulating auto-Abs neutralizing most type I interferons (IFNs). These auto-Abs were recently reported to account for at least 10% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in the general population. We report 22 APS-1 patients from 21 kindreds in seven countries, aged between 8 and 48 yr and infected with SARS-CoV-2 since February 2020. The 21 patients tested had auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-α subtypes and/or IFN-ω; one had anti-IFN-ß and another anti-IFN-ε, but none had anti-IFN-κ. Strikingly, 19 patients (86%) were hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia, including 15 (68%) admitted to an intensive care unit, 11 (50%) who required mechanical ventilation, and four (18%) who died. Ambulatory disease in three patients (14%) was possibly accounted for by prior or early specific interventions. Preexisting auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs in APS-1 patients confer a very high risk of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia at any age.
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Autoanticorpos/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Pneumonia/imunologia , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: The monogenic disorder autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) or autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) manifests frequently with hypoparathyroidism, which requires treatment with oral supplementation with calcium and active vitamin D analogs. The majority of APS-1/APECED patients also suffer from intestinal malabsorption, which complicates the management of hypoparathyroidism and may lead to refractory severe hypocalcaemia. In such situations, reliance on intravenous calcium carries a high risk of nephrocalcinosis and renal damage. METHODS: Here, we report our experience of periprocedural subcutaneous administration of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH 1-34) in APS-1/APECED patients. Serum calcium was measured up to five times within the 36-hour period starting the evening before the scheduled procedure and ending the morning following the procedure. RESULTS: Twenty-seven APS-1/APECED patients with hypoparathyroidism (aged 4-67 years) underwent 31 invasive gastrointestinal and/or pulmonary procedures. The patients received an average rhPTH1-34 dose of 9.6 ± 1.4 µg by subcutaneous injection. 92% of the adults and 54% of children in our cohort had evidence of nephrocalcinosis. Mean calcium levels remained stable and ranged from 2.06 to 2.17 mmol/L with minimal fluctuation. None of our patients experienced periprocedural adverse events connected with hypocalcaemia. CONCLUSION: rhPTH 1-34 is an alternative to conventional therapy in patients with APS-1/APECED and hypoparathyroidism undergoing invasive procedures. Subcutaneous PTH1-34 given directly before and after procedures resulted in well-controlled serum calcium levels maintained in the low-normal range and avoided the need for intravenous calcium which may contribute to renal calcifications and tubular damage.
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Hipocalcemia , Hipoparatireoidismo , Hormônio Paratireóideo , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes , Adulto , Cálcio/sangue , Criança , Humanos , Hipocalcemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoparatireoidismo/tratamento farmacológico , Hormônio Paratireóideo/administração & dosagem , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/sangue , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Introduction: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a prototypic monogenic autoimmune disorder caused by AIRE deficiency-mediated impaired central immune tolerance. Although multiple endocrine and non-endocrine tissues are affected in APECED, the colon is an uncommon target of autoimmune attack. Mycophenolate is a potent immunomodulatory medication that is used to treat autoimmune manifestations in patients with APECED and other autoimmune diseases. Methods: We reviewed the clinical, laboratory, genetic, histological, and treatment data of mycophenolate-induced colitis in our cohort of 104 APECED patients. Discussion: Among 10 mycophenolate-treated APECED patients, four (40%) developed reversible biopsy-proven mycophenolate-induced colitis characterized by an inflammatory bowel disease-like and/or graft-versus-host disease-like histological pattern. Mycophenolate-induced colitis appears to be a common complication in patients with APECED for which clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion.
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Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS-1), is a rare genetic disorder caused most often by biallelic mutations in the AIRE gene. Classic clinical findings of the disease are chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmunity that primarily targets endocrine tissues, such as hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. Recently, however, it has been appreciated that enamel hypoplasia, together with intestinal malabsorption and a characteristic APECED rash, is a prominent early disease manifestation of APECED which can aid in the diagnosis of disease before other potentially life-threatening disease manifestations occur. To demonstrate this point, we present data from a cohort of APECED patients, approximately 70% of who present with enamel dysplasia at an early age. Importantly, early life presentation with enamel dysplasia was predictive of likelihood of development of a subsequent APECED diagnosis. Furthermore, we present a case of a patient with APECED and severe enamel defects and discuss the utility of medical-dental professional co-operation in the diagnosis and management of this complex disorder.