Erros de anotações na elaboração de índices de produção em granjas industriais de suínos no Sul do Brasil / The human effect on data collection of birth-related production indices in Brazilian swine industrial farms

Foram realizadas observações em quatro granjas de suinocultura industrial nas 24 horas do dia, registrando-se o número de fetos mumificados, de natimortos, de nascidos vivos e total segundo as observações feitas por funcionários da granja (FUN) e por pesquisadores (AO). Foram também registrados resultados de um número semelhante de anotações das mesmas características no período imediatamente anterior à pesquisa, obtidas dos relatórios das granjas. Verificaram-se diferenças entre as avaliações dos FUN e dos AO quanto aos registros dos mumificados e total de nascidos em todas as granjas (P<0,05). A diferença no número de natimortos ocorreu em três granjas (P<0,05) e de nascidos vivos em apenas uma (P<0,05). Os percentuais máximos de mumificados, de natimortos, de nascidos vivos e total não registrados pelos FUN foram 67,8%, 34,5%, 1,8% e 5,1%, respectivamente. Os percentuais máximos das mesmas características não registrados pelos FUN no período imediatamente anterior à pesquisa foram 70,4%, 82,1%, 10,5% e 16,5%.(AU)

Observational studies were carried out in four industrial swine farms. The observations were performed on a 24 hours basis and mummified fetuses, stillborn and born alive piglets were recorded by observers (OB) and by employees (EM). In all farms, it was also obtained a retrospective data previous to the observational study period, comprising the same number of farrowings. Differences among mummified fetuses and total born piglets recorded by OB and EM in all farms (P<0.05) were observed. The recorded number of stillborn piglets differed between OB and EM in three farms (P<0.05) and the number of born alive piglets in one unit (P<0.05). In all farms during the analysis period, the maximal percentage of recorded mummified fetuses, stillborn, born alive and total born piglets, were 67.8%, 34.5%, 1.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The comparison of retrospective and EM data showed a maximal percentage of not recorded mummified fetuses, stillborn, born alive and total born piglets by EM of 70.4%, 82.1%, 10.5% e 16.5%, respectively. These errors can induce to a wrong interpretation of the farm data and the efforts to maximize the productivity could be directed to other sectors than the farrowing house.(AU)

Erros de anotações na elaboração de índices de produção em granjas industriais de suínos no Sul do Brasil / The human effect on data collection of birth-related production indices in Brazilian swine industrial farms

Foram realizadas observações em quatro granjas de suinocultura industrial nas 24 horas do dia, registrando-se o número de fetos mumificados, de natimortos, de nascidos vivos e total segundo as observações feitas por funcionários da granja (FUN) e por pesquisadores (AO). Foram também registrados resultados de um número semelhante de anotações das mesmas características no período imediatamente anterior à pesquisa, obtidas dos relatórios das granjas. Verificaram-se diferenças entre as avaliações dos FUN e dos AO quanto aos registros dos mumificados e total de nascidos em todas as granjas (P<0,05). A diferença no número de natimortos ocorreu em três granjas (P<0,05) e de nascidos vivos em apenas uma (P<0,05). Os percentuais máximos de mumificados, de natimortos, de nascidos vivos e total não registrados pelos FUN foram 67,8 por cento, 34,5 por cento, 1,8 por cento e 5,1 por cento, respectivamente. Os percentuais máximos das mesmas características não registrados pelos FUN no período imediatamente anterior à pesquisa foram 70,4 por cento, 82,1 por cento, 10,5 por cento e 16,5 por cento.

A model for clinical evaluation of the effect of antimicrobial agents on carious dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, longitudinally, the effect of a chlorhexidine varnish on the proteolytic activity of dentin caries in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 permanent molars and 8 primary molars with carious lesions in dentin were studied in subjects 18-35 yrs old (n=20), and 5-6 yrs old (n=8) respectively. These lesions were clinically evaluated according to texture and color. Carious dentin specimens were obtained by means of biopsies performed with a #4 carbide bur at the initial visit (TO) before application of a 10% chlorhexidine varnish and 2, 4, 8, and 12 wks thereafter. The dentin biopsies were immersed in Sorensen's buffer, vortexed for 30 s, and mixed with a 1.67 mM solution of n-benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA), a substrate for proteolytic enzymes. Samples were incubated overnight at 37 degrees C and color was developed with 0.1% fast garnet. The optical density (OD) of reaction mixtures was recorded photometrically. All teeth were grouped for analysis, as Mann-Whitney tests revealed no statistically significant differences between median values for OD for both age groups. ANOVA was used to compare progressive inhibition of proteolytic activity in dentin caries samples over time. RESULTS: The average proteolytic activity at the dentin substrates (OD) at TO and 2, 4, 8 and 12 wks thereafter were 0.794+/-0.089, 0.741+/-0.071, 0.676+/-0.087, 0.600+/-0.094, and 0.508+/-0.108 respectively. The chlorhexidine varnish mediated a significant inhibition of the proteolytic activity present in dentin caries after 12 wks (P<0.0001). At T0, 100% of the carious lesions examined were characterized as soft upon exploration. After 12 wks, 54% (15/28) of the lesions were partially hardened and 46% (13/28) hardened/nonprogressing. The dentin color was yellow/light brown in 100% of the lesions at baseline, and dark brown/black in 86% (24/28) after 12 wks. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated that chlorhexidine varnishes arrested active caries in vivo and inhibited the proteolytic activity present in these lesions. These findings strengthen the rationale for including chlorhexidine in the overall treatment strategy for patients with high caries activity.

Unstimulated salivary flow rates of young children.

OBJECTIVE: Studies on salivary flow rates in human beings have mainly been carried out with adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the unstimulated salivary flow rates of children 4 to 7 years old. In addition, the relative contributions of the variables age, gender, race, height, body weight, dentition status, use of prescription medication, and health status (information obtained from parents) to the unstimulated salivary flow rates of children were also studied. STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from children (n = 447) at 2 sites in the United States (site 1, southeast Michigan; site 2, northern Michigan) and at 5 sites in Brazil (site 3, Porto Alegre; site 4, São Paulo; site 5, Belém; and sites 6 and 7, sites in Rio de Janeiro). In northern Michigan (site 2) the participants were cognitively or developmentally disabled, or both. In Rio de Janeiro (site 7), a group of 8- to 12-year-olds served as a control group. Saliva samples were collected for 3 minutes between 9 AM and noon in the spring or summer, and the saliva rate was determined gravimetrically. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, bivariate analysis, and regression analysis. RESULTS: The secretion rates at the 7 sites were (in milliliters per minute) 0.19 +/- 0.15, 0.23 +/- 0.28, 0.34 +/- 0.23, 0.48 +/- 0.37, 0.25 +/- 0.27, 0.37 +/- 0.28, and 0.61 +/- 0.34, respectively. There were significant differences among sites (P <.0001). The older group (site 7) had flow rates that were significantly higher than the flow rates of any other group. In addition, children from Michigan (sites 1 and 2) had significantly lower rates than most groups of children in Brazil. Girls had lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than boys did at all the sites, but the differences were not statistically significant. Race was shown not to affect the flow rates. The use of any prescription medication by children in the previous 3 months was associated with lower salivary flow rates than were found in children not using prescription medication. Children who were in good health and who had no previous medical conditions had higher flow rates--but not significantly so. Higher flow rates occurred in children with mixed dentition than in children with primary dentition, although again the differences were not statistically significant. Regression analysis revealed weight to be of significance in explaining the variability of the unstimulated salivary flow rates at 2 sites, height at 1 site, the use of prescription medication at 2 sites, and age at 1 site. CONCLUSIONS: The unstimulated salivary flow rates in children in the northern United States are comparable with those reported for Japanese children, whereas the flow rates of children in Brazil are comparable with those reported for North American and European adults. In addition, none of the demographic variables/parameters tested contributed consistently to the variability of the unstimulated salivary flow rates in children at the 7 sites assessed in this study.