A Scalable and Effective Course Design for Teaching Competency-Based Euthanasia Communication Skills in Veterinary Curricula.

Veterinary staff must be able to navigate end-of-life care with sensitivity and skill to create the best possible outcome for the patient, client, and veterinary team collectively. Despite the clear importance of euthanasia communication and procedural skills in veterinary practice, recent graduates of veterinary programs identified gaps between skills deemed important in clinical practice and skills emphasized in the curriculum. Little time is allocated to euthanasia procedural or communication training across the board in US veterinary programs. Thus, it is of paramount importance to establish intentional and well-designed instruction and assessment of euthanasia communication skills for veterinary trainees. A course on veterinary euthanasia communication skills was designed to emphasize themes and topics essential for a competent veterinarian. Through course evaluations, students expressed the sentiments that this course improved their euthanasia communication skills, that euthanasia communication skills are essential for their careers, and that the course content should be integrated into the core curriculum. This article presents a scaffold for the instruction and assessment of veterinary euthanasia communication skills in alignment with a competency-based veterinary education (CBVE) framework and outlines specific learning interventions used in the course that are scalable and may be extracted and incorporated into existing courses.

Role for Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Microlipophagy in Adaptation to Lipid Imbalance in Yeast.

The immediate responses to inhibition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis in yeast are altered phospholipid levels, slow growth, and defects in the morphology and localization of ER and mitochondria. With chronic lipid imbalance, yeast adapt. Lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis and conversion of phospholipids to triacylglycerol are required for restoring some phospholipids to near-wild-type levels. We confirmed that the unfolded protein response is activated by this lipid stress and find that Hsp104p is recruited to ER aggregates. We also find that LDs form at ER aggregates, contain polyubiquitinated proteins and an ER chaperone, and are degraded in the vacuole by a process resembling microautophagy. This process, microlipophagy, is required for restoration of organelle morphology and cell growth during adaptation to lipid stress. Microlipophagy does not require ATG7 but does requires ESCRT components and a newly identified class E VPS protein that localizes to ER and is upregulated by lipid imbalance.