RESUMO
In response to calls for public engagement on human genome editing (HGE), which intensified after the 2018 He Jiankui scandal that resulted in the implantation of genetically modified embryos, we detail an anticipatory approach to the governance of HGE. By soliciting multidisciplinary experts' input on the drivers and uncertainties of HGE development, we developed a set of plausible future scenarios to ascertain publics values-specifically, their hopes and concerns regarding the novel technology and its applications. In turn, we gathered a subset of multidisciplinary experts to propose governance recommendations for HGE that incorporate identified publics' values. These recommendations include: (1) continued participatory public engagement; (2) international harmonization and transparency of multiple governance levers such as professional and scientific societies, funders, and regulators; and (3) development of a formal whistleblower framework.
RESUMO
Background: For gravely ill patients who have no treatment options and who are ineligible for clinical trials, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the Expanded Access Program (EAP). Motivated by efforts to weaken FDA regulation and sold as providing greater access to experimental drugs, the federal Right to Try Act (RTT) was passed in 2017. It reduces FDA oversight by not requiring physicians to report safety data and foregoes approval of protocols by local institutional review boards. Methods: This study explored the views of 17 neuro-oncologists from 15 different academic medical centers with varying experience with EAP and RTT using convenience sampling. We conducted semi-structured interviews and qualitative analysis to identify emerging themes. Results: Most oncologists were confused between the two pathways, had little familiarity with RTT, and had little knowledge about experimental medicine available through either pathway. Oncologists reported a preference of enrolling patients in clinical trials over off-trial preapproval pathways with scant data. As a result, oncologists revealed concerns over properly evaluating risks for their patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that neuro-oncologists need better resources and clearer mechanisms at their institutions to help navigate EAP and RTT in order to counsel patients interested in experimental medicine.
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While the major scientific discoveries that would extend the length and health of human lives are not yet here, the research that could create them is already underway. As prospects for a world in which extended and improved lives inches closer into reality, the discourse about what to consider as we move forward grows richer, with corporate executives, ideologues, scientists, theologians, ethicists, investigative journalists, and philosophers taking part in imagining and anticipating the rich array of humanity's possible futures. Drawing from in-depth interviews with key stakeholders (nâ¯=â¯22), we offer empirical insights into key values and beliefs animating the "longevity movement," including what constitutes an ideal human state, the imperative to intervene, and the role of individual liberty and concerns for equality. Emerging from these interviews are common concerns about reducing suffering, preserving diversity in visions of successful aging and how best to promote access to a future that may not remain hypothetical for long.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Geriatras/organização & administração , Longevidade/fisiologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Clonagem de Organismos/ética , Características Culturais , Etnicidade , Feminino , Projeto Genoma Humano/ética , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Princípios Morais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Proteína 9 Associada à CRISPR/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Pesquisas com Embriões/ética , Edição de Genes/ética , China , Pesquisas com Embriões/legislação & jurisprudência , Edição de Genes/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Internacionalidade/legislação & jurisprudência , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4015.
Assuntos
Pesquisas com Embriões , Linhagem Celular , Pesquisas com Embriões/ética , Pesquisas com Embriões/história , Pesquisas com Embriões/legislação & jurisprudência , Células-Tronco Embrionárias , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Pesquisa com Células-Tronco , Fatores de Tempo , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Adenosina Desaminase/deficiência , Agamaglobulinemia/genética , Agamaglobulinemia/terapia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Terapia Genética/métodos , Terapia Genética/tendências , Vetores Genéticos/uso terapêutico , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/genética , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/terapia , Adenosina Desaminase/genética , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Currículo , Educação Médica , Ética em Pesquisa/educação , Modelos Educacionais , Pesquisa com Células-Tronco , Formação de Conceito , Currículo/normas , Currículo/tendências , Educação Médica/métodos , Educação Médica/normas , Educação Médica/tendências , Humanos , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes , Política Pública , Valores Sociais , Pesquisa com Células-Tronco/ética , Pesquisa com Células-Tronco/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Under the newly passed Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA), the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office may hear new challenges to stem cell patents. Here, we explore how the new law affects challenges to stem cell patents, focusing on two recent cases, and discuss the future of stem cell patent disputes.
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Biotecnologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Invenções/legislação & jurisprudência , Transplante de Células-Tronco/legislação & jurisprudência , Células-Tronco/fisiologia , Animais , Dissidências e Disputas/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Invenções/estatística & dados numéricos , Jurisprudência , Patentes como Assunto , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Envelhecimento , Longevidade , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/fisiologiaRESUMO
Too often, biopharmaceutical companies stop their clinical trials solely for financial reasons. In this chapter, we discuss this phenomenon against the backdrop of a 2011 decision by Geron Corporation to abandon its stem cell clinical trial for spinal cord injury (SCI), the preliminary results of which were released in May 2014. We argue that the resultant harms are widespread and are different in nature from the consequences of stopping trials for scientific or medical reasons. We examine the ethical and social effects that arise from such decisions and discuss them in light of ethical frameworks, including duties of individual stakeholders and corporate sponsors. We offer ways that sponsors and clinical sites can ensure that trials are responsibly started, and once started adequately protect the interests of participants. We conclude with recommendations that industry sponsors of clinical trials should adopt in order to advance a collective and patient-centered research ethic.