RESUMO
A population-based nationwide surveillance of antibiotic resistance associated with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children and adolescents (aged<16 years) was performed in Germany between 1997 and 2004. In total, 1517 isolates were collected, of which 5.1% and 1.1% were intermediately- or fully-resistant, respectively, to penicillin G. During the 8-year study period, an increase in resistance to both penicillin G and erythromycin A was observed, and the frequency of isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to penicillin G or erythromycin A increased from 1.4% and 11.1%, respectively, in 1997, to 8.7% and 29.0%, respectively, in 2004. Among the penicillin non-susceptible pneumococcal isolates, serotypes 14 (24.5% of isolates), 23F (16.0%) and 6B (16.0%) were found most frequently. Multilocus sequence typing of 58 (62%) penicillin G non-susceptible isolates revealed that sequence type (ST) 156 (Spain9V-3 clone) and its single-locus variant ST 557 were widespread in Germany. Moreover, 17 new penicillin G non-susceptible STs were defined for the first time. The study illustrated the genetic heterogeneity of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal isolates in Germany.
Assuntos
Resistência às Penicilinas , Infecções Pneumocócicas/microbiologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Sorotipagem , Streptococcus pneumoniae/classificação , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Globicatella sanguinis is a very rare isolate in clinical samples. We present a case of meningitis in a 69-year-old female patient after implantation of an external left ventricular drainage due to a hydrocephalus. She recovered after antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/microbiologia , Cocos Gram-Positivos/classificação , Cocos Gram-Positivos/isolamento & purificação , Meningites Bacterianas/microbiologia , Derivação Ventriculoperitoneal/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Feminino , Cocos Gram-Positivos/genética , HumanosRESUMO
Immunity to infection with intracellular pathogens is regulated by interleukin 12 (IL-12), which mediates protective T helper type 1 (TH1) responses, or IL-4, which induces TH2 cells and susceptibility. Paradoxically, we show here that when present during the initial activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by infectious agents, IL-4 instructed DCs to produce IL-12 and promote TH1 development. This TH1 response established resistance to Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice. When present later, during the period of T cell priming, IL-4 induced TH2 differentiation and progressive leishmaniasis in resistant mice. Because immune responses developed via the consecutive activation of DCs and then T cells, the contrasting effects of IL-4 on DC development and T cell differentiation led to immune responses that had opposing functional phenotypes.
