The effect of glycyrrhizic acid on traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.

Spine injury associated with traumatic spinal cord injury eventuates in oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis. The aim of this study is to find out whether the glycyrrhizic acid treatment protects spinal cord from traumatic injuries in rats. To this end, the rats were divided into three groups: group I; control group (no drug or operation, n=8), group II; traumatic spinal cord injury group (TSCI, n=8) and group III; glycyrrhizic acid group (TSCI-GA, 80 mg/kg, n=8). Total laminectomy was performed at T10 level. A balloon angioplasty catheter was inserted into the T9 level thoracic spinal cord extradurally. The rats were evaluated with the Tarlov Scale. After 24 hours, spinal cord tissues were taken for biochemical and histopathological examinations. TSCI effectuates unwanted results on tissues, antioxidant systems and cell membranes. Antioxidant enzyme level decreased and lipid peroxidation increased. However, TSCI led to inflammation and apoptosis. Glycyrrhizic acid treatment provided a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation in group III in comparison with group II. Moreover, nuclear respiratory factor 1 levels and superoxide dismutase activity of group III were significantly higher than group II (p<0.05). The histopathological and immunohistochemical results revealed that the numbers of apoptotic and necrotic neuron, edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory cells, NF-κB and S100B expressions were significantly lower than group II (p<0.05). Our study showed that the glycyrrhizic acid treatment reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and promoted the neuronal functions in traumatic spinal cord injury.

Effects of kefir on ischemia-reperfusion injury.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effect of kefir on Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury on rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats between 250-350 g were selected. Rats were divided into three groups, and there were eight rats in each group. Rats were fed for 60 days. All of the rats were fed with the same diet for the first 30 days. In the second thirty days, kefir [10 cc/kg/day body weight (2 x 109 cfu/kg/day)] was added to the diet of the study group by gavage method. In all groups, lung and kidney tissues were removed after the procedure and rats were sacrificed. The biochemical and histopathological changes were observed in the lung and kidney within the samples. Serum urea, creatinine and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were determined. RESULTS: Kefir + I/R groups was compared with I/R groups, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) was seen in Lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels of lung and renal tissues. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of lung and kidney tissues decreased in I/R groups (p < 0.05). The enzyme activities in Kefir + I/R groups of renal tissues were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than I/R, not significantly different in lung tissues (p < 0.05). Kefir reduced the levels of serum urea, creatinine and TNF-α significantly. CONCLUSIONS:   This would be useful in this model against ischemia/reperfusion, and shows the protective effect of kefir in tissue and serum functions.