Correction: Weigelt et al. Too Committed to Switch Off-Capturing and Organizing the Full Range of Work-Related Rumination from Detachment to Overcommitment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3573.

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Spray pyrolysis-derived robust ferroelectric BiFeO3 thin films.

Scalable and low-cost synthesis of high-quality ferroic films is critical for the development of advanced electronic devices and sensors. Here, we employ solution-based spray pyrolysis to fabricate bismuth ferrite thin films on glass substrates and explore the impact of annealing conditions to attain functional thin films of superior quality and switchable polarization. Optimised thin films display polycrystalline nanostructured grains with the highest X-ray diffraction intensity along the (110) orientation and a mixed Fe2+/3+ valence suggesting the presence of oxygen vacancies. The optimized films show a complex ferroelectric domain microstructure and exhibit robust nanoscale polarization switching in the range of several volts. Domains are found to scale with the sizes of nanocrystalline grains, which points to the role of surface-energy-related mechanisms affecting the domain patterns. Our results demonstrate the potential of spray pyrolysis for the fabrication of high-quality ferroelectric thin films and provide new opportunities for the development of low-cost scalable advanced electronic devices.

Lessons from Dairy Farmers for Occupational Allergy and Respiratory Disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Exposure to bioaerosols at dairies has long been associated with allergy, respiratory disease, and decreases in lung function. Recent advancements in exposure assessments have aided our understanding on the size distribution and composition of these bioaerosols, but investigations focusing solely on exposures may overlook important intrinsic factors impacting worker's susceptibility to disease. RECENT FINDINGS: In our review, we discuss the most recent studies examining the exposures and genetic factors that contribute to occupational disease in dairy work. We also review more recent concerns in livestock work associated with zoonotic pathogens, antimicrobial resistant genes, and the role of the human microbiome. The studies highlighted in this review demonstrate the need for further research to better understand bioaerosol exposure-response relationships in the context of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, antibiotic-resistant genes, viral pathogens, and the human microbiome to help inform effective interventions that improve respiratory health among dairy farmers.

Too Committed to Switch Off-Capturing and Organizing the Full Range of Work-Related Rumination from Detachment to Overcommitment.

Work-related thoughts during off-job time have been studied extensively in occupational health psychology and related fields. We provide a focused review of the research on overcommitment-a component within the effort-reward imbalance model-and aim to connect this line of research to the most commonly studied aspects of work-related rumination. Drawing on this integrative review, we analyze survey data on ten facets of work-related rumination, namely (1) overcommitment, (2) psychological detachment, (3) affective rumination, (4) problem-solving pondering, (5) positive work reflection, (6) negative work reflection, (7) distraction, (8) cognitive irritation, (9) emotional irritation, and (10) inability to recover. First, we apply exploratory factor analysis to self-reported survey data from 357 employees to calibrate overcommitment items and to position overcommitment within the nomological net of work-related rumination constructs. Second, we apply confirmatory factor analysis to self-reported survey data from 388 employees to provide a more specific test of uniqueness vs. overlap among these constructs. Third, we apply relative weight analysis to assess the unique criterion-related validity of each work-related rumination facet regarding (1) physical fatigue, (2) cognitive fatigue, (3) emotional fatigue, (4) burnout, (5) psychosomatic complaints, and (6) satisfaction with life. Our results suggest that several measures of work-related rumination (e.g., overcommitment and cognitive irritation) can be used interchangeably. Emotional irritation and affective rumination emerge as the strongest unique predictors of fatigue, burnout, psychosomatic complaints, and satisfaction with life. Our study is intended to assist researchers in making informed decisions on selecting scales for their research and paves the way for integrating research on the effort-reward imbalance and work-related rumination.

Seasonal influences on groundwater arsenic concentrations in the irrigated region of the Cambodian Mekong Delta.

Similar to many southern and southeast Asian regions, the mobilisation of arsenic (As) from sediments has driven a widespread contamination problem for groundwater resources in the Cambodian Mekong Delta. For the first time, the seasonal changes in As concentrations and potential links to groundwater pumping for irrigation in shallow aquifers of the Cambodian Mekong Delta are investigated. Using environmental tracers (δ18O, δ2H, 3H, major/trace ions and rare earth elements) the natural and pumping-induced changes in hydrogeological processes are identified. Three conceptual models are proposed: Model 1, where there is limited local recharge or low recharge rates (3H mean residence time > 60 years) and groundwater has a large range in As concentrations (0.2 to 393.8 µg/L). In this semi-confined aquifer, only one of the six groundwater sites has As concentrations that increase (by 10.9 µg/L) potentially due to groundwater pumping and resultant mixing with high-As and low (Pr/Sm)NASC groundwater. However, data on groundwater extraction volumes is required to verify the link with irrigation practices. Model 2, where groundwater is recharged by evaporated surface waters (fractionated δ18O and δ2H). There are moderate As concentrations (64.1-106.1 µg/L) but no significant seasonal changes even though the recharging waters have relatively greater organic carbon contents during the dry season (reduced Ce/Ce*anomaly). Finally model 3, where groundwater is significantly recharged by wet season rainfall (~50% from δ18O data). There is a minor increase in As concentrations with recharge (by 6. µg/L). These combined results highlight an aquifer system in the irrigated region of the Cambodian Mekong Delta where As concentrations are largely impacted by natural rather than irrigation processes. Seasonal-scale recharge processes control As processes where the aquifer is not confined by shallow clay layers, and where the aquifer is semi-confined As concentrations largely reflect longer-term natural processes.

Scaling, rotation, and channeling behavior of helical and skyrmion spin textures in thin films of Te-doped Cu2OSeO3.

Topologically nontrivial spin textures such as vortices, skyrmions, and monopoles are promising candidates as information carriers for future quantum information science. Their controlled manipulation including creation and annihilation remains an important challenge toward practical applications and further exploration of their emergent phenomena. Here, we report controlled evolution of the helical and skyrmion phases in thin films of multiferroic Te-doped Cu2OSeO3 as a function of material thickness, dopant, temperature, and magnetic field using in situ Lorentz phase microscopy. We report two previously unknown phenomena in chiral spin textures in multiferroic Cu2OSeO3: anisotropic scaling and channeling with a fixed-Q state. The skyrmion channeling effectively suppresses the recently reported second skyrmion phase formation at low temperature. Our study provides a viable way toward controlled manipulation of skyrmion lattices, envisaging chirality-controlled skyrmion flow circuits and enabling precise measurement of emergent electromagnetic induction and topological Hall effects in skyrmion lattices.

Relative permittivity estimation of wheat starch: A critical property for understanding electrostatic hazards.

Wheat starch is a widely used material in the food, pharmaceutical and entertainment industry not considered hazard but recently associated to dust explosions during processing and handling. How an insulating starch grain is charged and how its ability to be polarized is affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and frequency? are fundamental questions that must be explored in order to understand the dust explosion phenomena. Here we investigate the dependence of temperature, humidity and low-frequency on the relative permittivity of wheat starch. We characterized starch at the micro and macro scales using atomic force microscopy-based techniques and capacitive planar sensor-based measurements respectively. The results show high values of permittivity (˜80) at the microscale (single starch grains) compared to the low values (10-20) at the macroscale (20 mg of wheat starch). The differences are attributed to the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars interfacial polarization process on individual grains and potential charge exchange between grains. Permittivity is a critical property to investigate starch electrostatic hazards.

Skin resident memory CD8+ T cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating populations and lack immediate cytotoxic function.

The in-depth understanding of skin resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (TRM ) may help to uncover strategies for their manipulation during disease. We investigated isolated TRM from healthy human skin, which expressed the residence marker CD69, and compared them to circulating CD8+ T cell populations from the same donors. There were significantly increased proportions of CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells in the skin that expressed low levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), CD57, perforin and granzyme B. The CD8+ TRM in skin were therefore phenotypically distinct from circulating CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells that expressed high levels of all these molecules. Nevertheless, the activation of CD8+ TRM with T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 or interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15 in vitro induced the expression of granzyme B. Blocking signalling through the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD)-1 further boosted granzyme B expression. A unique feature of some CD8+ TRM cells was their ability to secrete high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-2, a cytokine combination that was not seen frequently in circulating CD8+ T cells. The cutaneous CD8+ TRM are therefore diverse, and appear to be phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating cells. Indeed, the surface receptors used to distinguish differentiation stages of blood T cells cannot be applied to T cells in the skin. Furthermore, the function of cutaneous TRM appears to be stringently controlled by environmental signals in situ.

Routine screening for colonization by Gram-negative bacteria in neonates at intensive care units for the prediction of sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: At neonatal intensive care units, sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The benefits of routine microbiological screening of neonatal body surface to predict and prevent sepsis are controversial. AIM: To evaluate the prognostic value of neonatal body surface screening for colonization with Gram-negative bacteria for the prediction of late-onset sepsis. METHODS: A systematic review was performed, including studies of any design that reported data to calculate prognostic accuracy of surface screening for the prediction of late-onset sepsis. Risk of bias was assessed and a meta-analysis performed. Evidence quality was appraised using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. FINDINGS: Eight studies (all cohort design) were identified as eligible. Studies were performed in six countries in Europe, Asia, and North America and comprised a total of 4829 participants. All studies were at high risk of bias. Pooled sensitivity of body surface screening to predict late-onset sepsis was 41% (95% confidence interval: 17-70), whereas pooled specificity was 56% (34-76) (hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) model). Subgroup analyses showed higher pooled estimates for specificity but not sensitivity when screening focused on Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae. GRADE evidence quality was very low. CONCLUSION: Limited evidence of very low quality exists regarding the prognostic value of neonatal screening for late-onset sepsis. Carefully planned and conducted prospective studies, including randomized trials, are needed to clarify the potential value of this measure for the prediction and prevention of late-onset sepsis.

Quantification of regional aerosol deposition patterns as a function of aerodynamic particle size in rhesus macaques using PET/CT imaging.

Aerosol aerodynamic particle size is known to affect deposition patterns of inhaled aerosol particles, as well as the virulence of inhaled bioaerosol particles. While a significant amount of work has been performed to describe the deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract, only a limited amount of work has been performed to describe the deposition of aerosol particles in the respiratory tract of nonhuman primates, an animal model commonly utilized in pharmacological and toxicological studies, especially in the biodefense field. In this study, anesthetized rhesus macaques inhaled radiolabeled aerosols with MMADs of 1.7, 3.6, 7.4 and 11.8 µm to characterize regional deposition patterns. The results demonstrate that the regional deposition pattern shifts as particle size increases, with greater deposition in more proximal regions of the respiratory tract and decreased deposition in the pulmonary region. The results of this study extend the findings of previous studies which demonstrated a similar shift in the deposition pattern as a function of particle size by providing greater resolution of deposition patterns. These data on regional deposition patterns provide a starting point to begin to explore potential mechanisms responsible for the differences in virulence of infectious bioaerosols as a function of particle size and deposition pattern reported in previous studies. Additionally, the data are useful to assess the performance of various deposition models that have been published in the literature.

Nanoscale electromechanical and electronic properties of free-standing ZnO nano- and microstructured platelets.

The piezoelectric response, conductivity and surface potential of individual grains and grain boundaries in free-standing polycrystalline ZnO nano- and microstructured platelets is studied using scanning probe based techniques on the nanoscale. We find that applied dc electric fields can alter the piezoresponse in individual grains, as well as the local nanoscale conductivity, and invert the relative surface potential at grain boundaries. This can be attributed to defect accumulation at the grain surfaces and at grain boundaries and the associated density of carriers. Together with recently observed below-bandgap photoconductivity at grain boundaries, the presented observation opens new venues for potential nanoelectronic applications that rely on grain and grain boundary engineering and functionality in a wide-bandgap transparent material.

Mechanical stress-induced switching kinetics of ferroelectric thin films at the nanoscale.

We investigate ferroelectric domain structure and piezoelectric response under variable mechanical compressive stress in Pb(Zr0.2TiO0.8)O3 (PZT) thin films using high-resolution piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and an in situ sample bending stage. Measurements reveal a drastic change in the ferroelectric domain structure which is presented along with details of the mediating switching process involving domain wall motion, nucleation, and domain wall roughening under an applied external mechanical stimulus. Furthermore, local PFM hysteresis loops reveal significant changes in the observed coercive biases under applied stress. The PFM hysteresis loops become strongly imprinted under increasing applied compressive stress.

Health-Related Behaviour Among Children of Childhood Cancer Survivors in Germany.

Purpose: Childhood cancer survivors fear that previous therapy could not only impair their own but also their children's health. We examined whether health-related behaviour in children of childhood cancer survivors differs from the general population. Methods: Our first nationwide survey wave (2013-2014) surveyed offspring health in 396 German childhood cancer survivors known to have a child of their own. Answers about health behaviour were analysed using descriptive statistics. Data were collected for 418 offspring and 394 could be integrated for matched-pair analyses with data from the German general population (KIGGS, n=17 641). Results: Teeth-cleaning routine, body-mass-index or subjective body image evaluation by parents were no different from children in the general population. Parents who included a cancer survivor smoked less in the presence of their children (p=0.01). During pregnancy, mothers in cancer survivor parent pairs abstained from drinking alcohol more often (p=0.01) and smoked less (p=0.05). While the calculated effect sizes (Phi) were generally low (0.135-0.247), children from cancer survivors played less outdoors than peers did (p=0.01). Boys participated in sports outside a club more often (p=0.05) and watched less TV on weekdays (p=0.01) and girls spent more time on the computer during weekdays than peers did (p=0.01). Conclusions: This study provides the first data for health-related behaviour in cancer survivors' offspring and sheds light on differences to parenting in the general population. Multivariate analyses in a larger study population are needed to relate these differences to fear issues in cancer survivors.

Structural and electronic transformation pathways in morphotropic BiFeO3.

Phase boundaries in multiferroics, in which (anti-)ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and ferroelastic order parameters coexist, enable manipulation of magnetism and electronic properties by external electric fields through switching of the polarization in the material. It has been shown that the strain-driven morphotropic phase boundaries in a single-phase multiferroic such as BiFeO3 (BFO) can exhibit distinct electronic conductivity. However, the control of ferroelectric and phase switching and its correlation with phase boundary conductivity in this material has been a significant challenge. Supported by a thermodynamic approach, here we report a concept to precisely control different switching pathways and the associated control of electronic conductivity in mixed phase BFO. This work demonstrates a critical step to control and use non-volatile strain-conductivity coupling at the nanoscale. Beyond this observation, it provides a framework for exploring a route to control multiple order parameters coupled to ferroelastic and ferroelectric order in multiferroic materials.

Oxygen content modulation by nanoscale chemical and electrical patterning in epitaxial SrCoO3-δ (0 < δ ≤ 0.5) thin films.

Fast controllable redox reactions in solid materials at room temperature are a promising strategy for enhancing the overall performance and lifetime of many energy technology materials and devices. Easy control of oxygen content is a key concept for the realisation of fast catalysis and bulk diffusion at room temperature. Here, high quality epitaxial brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 thin films have been oxidised to perovskite (P) SrCoO3 with NaClO. X-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the structural and electronic changes of the material. The oxidised thin films were found to exhibit distinct morphological changes from an atomically flat terrace structure to forming small nanosized islands with boundaries preferentially in [100] or [010] directions all over the surface, relaxing the in-plane strain imposed by the substrate. The conductivity, or oxygen content, of each single island is confined by these textures, which can be locally patterned even further with electric poling. The high charging level at the island boundaries indicates a magnified electric capacity of SCO thin films, which could be exploited in future device geometries. This finding represents a new way of oxygen modulation with associated self-assembled charge confinement to nanoscale boundaries, offering interesting prospects in nanotechnology applications.

Complication and local recurrence rate after endoscopic resection of large high-risk colorectal adenomas of ≥3 cm in size.

PURPOSE: Endoscopic resection is a widely used technique for treatment of large colorectal adenomas, but few data are available including only lesions larger than ≥2 cm. The aim of this study is to evaluate the complication and recurrence rate after endoscopic resection of high-risk colorectal adenomas ≥3 cm in size. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing polypectomy of large colorectal polyps of ≥3 cm. RESULTS: In 341 patients, 360 colorectal adenomas with a mean size of 3.9 cm were resected endoscopically. In 25 patients, a complication including 22 delayed bleedings (6.5%) and three perforations (0.9%) occurred. Single-variate analysis showed an increasing risk of complications for larger adenomas (3.9 vs. 4.6 cm; p ≤ 0.05). Two hundred twelve patients with 224 adenomas had undergone at least one documented follow-up endoscopy with a medium follow-up period of 16 months. In 95 resected lesions (42.4%), a residual adenoma occurred in the first follow-up colonoscopy (n = 88, 92.6%) or a recurrent adenoma occurred after at least one negative follow-up colonoscopy (n = 7, 7.4%). In multivariate analysis, risk factors were lesion size, sessile growth pattern, and the performing endoscopist. The complication and recurrence rate correlated inversely between endoscopists. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the largest study showing complication and recurrence rates after colorectal polypectomy of advanced colorectal adenomas of ≥3 cm in size. Polyp size was identified as the most important risk factor for complications. For the first time, this study shows that the complication rate after colorectal polypectomy of large adenomas is correlated inversely with the residual and/or recurrence rate.

Unwinding of a skyrmion lattice by magnetic monopoles.

Skyrmion crystals are regular arrangements of magnetic whirls that exist in a wide range of chiral magnets. Because of their topology, they cannot be created or destroyed by smooth rearrangements of the direction of the local magnetization. Using magnetic force microscopy, we tracked the destruction of the skyrmion lattice on the surface of a bulk crystal of Fe(1-x)Co(x)Si (x = 0.5). Our study revealed that skyrmions vanish by a coalescence, forming elongated structures. Numerical simulations showed that changes of topology are controlled by singular magnetic point defects. They can be viewed as quantized magnetic monopoles and antimonopoles, which provide sources and sinks of one flux quantum of emergent magnetic flux, respectively.

Temporal and spatial variability of organotins in an intermittent Mediterranean river.

Organotin compounds (OTs) are exclusively anthropogenic and have been widely used for their biocidal properties and as stabilizers in various industrial applications. Hence organotins are common pollutants. Their high toxicity has led to their entry on the EU water framework's priority substances' list. However, few studies are available regarding their behaviour in surface waters, in particular, in intermittent Mediterranean rivers. The Vène is an intermittent river located in Languedoc-Roussillon, southern France. It is the main tributary of an important shellfish farming site: the Thau lagoon. The present study aims at establishing the presence of OTs on a 1.5 km long reach of the river into which a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) discharges. The study is carried out during steady-state flow conditions over two consecutive years and investigates potential OTs sources in everyday domestic activities. Routine field monitoring was carried out over a 5 month period during the springs of 2008 and 2009. The results establish the presence of butyltins and octyltins throughout the 1.5 km long reach at concentrations exceeding the maximum allowable concentration levels imposed by the water framework directive. The WWTP is recognized as an important OTs point source; however, using trace and rare earth elements as tracers, an urban stormwater sewage gutter is identified as a secondary source. Its impact on the river's pollutant loads is however variable in time because of flow intermittency. The paper discusses the need for specific monitoring and management schemes for intermittent rivers.