Ergonomic evaluation of the scrub nurse's posture at different monitor positions during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Our aims were to measure the posture and movement of the scrub nurse very accurately, without using any markers, during a minimally invasive surgical procedure. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: One of the most important subjects in ergonomic studies of minimally invasive surgery is the question of the proper placement of monitors. METHOD: Two simultaneous and synchronized video recordings were carried out in 2 different monitor setups. The different steps of the operation were identified and measured in seconds. Longer-lasting postures were imported to and analyzed with a software. Results of the different setups were compared with each other, and with an "ideal" comfort posture. RESULTS: Measuring the typical postures of the most pronounced static phase, the evolving stress was significantly influenced by different monitor setups. CONCLUSIONS: With the installation of an additional monitor positioned to satisfy the nurse's comfort, the static stress could be decreased.

Preparation of tertiary amides from carbamoyl chlorides and organocuprates.

[reaction: see text] Reaction of carbamoyl chlorides with cyano-Gilman cuprates affords tertiary amides in good to excellent yields. The reaction is general due to the possibility of using reagents made either from organolithium or from Grignard compounds. The characterization of the main side products allowed for the suggestion of a possible mechanism.

Studies toward labeling cytisine with [11C]phosgene: rapid synthesis of a delta-lactam involving a new chemoselective lithiation-annulation method.

With the aim of the radiolabeling of cytisine, a potent agonist of nicotinic receptors, with [(11)C]phosgene, the rapid synthesis of a lactam model of our target has been studied. The key step of the delta-lactam formation is a new chemoselective lithiation-annulation method, under high dilution, of a suitable piperidinylcarbamoyl chloride. This precursor was obtained from (2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine in a linear synthetic sequence involving a Corey-Fuchs olefination of the corresponding aldehyde, followed by a selective reduction, using a diimide equivalent, of an iodoalkyne into a (Z)-iodopropene piperidine. This alkene served as main precursor to study the cyclization according to several procedures using phosgene as the required carbonylating reagent.