Synaptic AP2 CCV life cycle regulation by the Eps15, ITSN1, Sgip1/AP2, synaptojanin1 interactome.

The AP1/σ1B knockout causes impaired synaptic vesicle recycling and enhanced protein sorting into endosomes, leading to severe intellectual disability. These disturbances in synaptic protein sorting induce as a secondary phenotype the upregulation of AP2 CCV mediated endocytosis. Synapses contain canonical AP2 CCV and AP2 CCV with a more stable coat and thus extended life time. In AP1/σ1B knockout synapses, pool sizes of both CCV classes are doubled. Additionally, stable CCV of the knockout are more stabilised than stable wt CCV. One mechanism responsible for enhanced CCV stabilisation is the reduction of synaptojanin1 CCV levels, the PI-4,5-P2 phosphatase essential for AP2 membrane dissociation. To identify mechanisms regulating synaptojanin1 recruitment, we compared synaptojanin1 CCV protein interactome levels and CCV protein interactions between both CCV classes from wt and knockout mice. We show that ITSN1 determines synaptojanin1 CCV levels. Sgip1/AP2 excess hinders synaptojanin1 binding to ITSN1, further lowering its levels. ITSN1 levels are determined by Eps15, not Eps15L1. In addition, the data reveal that reduced amounts of pacsin1 can be counter balanced by its enhanced activation. These data exemplify the complexity of CCV life cycle regulation and indicate how cargo proteins determine the life cycle of their CCV.

An extended Kalman filtering approach for the estimation of human head tissue conductivities by using EEG data: a simulation study.

In this study, we propose an extended Kalman filter approach for the estimation of the human head tissue conductivities in vivo by using electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Since the relationship between the surface potentials and conductivity distribution is nonlinear, the proposed algorithm first linearizes the system and applies extended Kalman filtering. By using a three-compartment realistic head model obtained from the magnetic resonance images of a real subject, a known dipole assumption and 32 electrode positions, the performance of the proposed method is tested in simulation studies and it is shown that the proposed algorithm estimates the tissue conductivities with less than 1% error in noiseless measurements and less than 5% error when the signal-to-noise ratio is 40 dB or higher. We conclude that the proposed extended Kalman filter approach successfully estimates the tissue conductivities in vivo.

Penetrating Marjolin's ulcer of scalp involving bone, dura mater and brain caused by blunt trauma to the burned area.

Marjolin's ulcer, which was first described more than 1.5 centuries ago, involves a rare malignant transformation of chronic scar tissue or ulcer. Marjolin's ulcer invading the skull, dura mater and the brain is quite exceptional. A case is presented of a patient with a massive Marjolin's ulcer arising in chronic scarring of the scalp following a fire burn 57 years previously. The tumour had invaded the skull, dura mater and the brain. The patient was treated surgically but died after 20 days. This report aims to highlight the importance of appropriate and expeditious initial wound management of scar ulcers of the scalp.

Penetrating Marjolin's ulcer of scalp involving bone, dura mater and brain caused by blunt trauma to the burned area

Marjolin's ulcer, which was first described morethan 1.5 centuries ago, involves a rare malignant transformationof chronic scar tissue or ulcer. Marjolin’sulcer invading the skull, dura mater and the brain isquite exceptional. A case is presented of a patient witha massive Marjolin's ulcer arising in chronic scarringof the scalp following a fire burn 57 years previously.The tumour had invaded the skull, dura mater and thebrain. The patient was treated surgically but died after20 days. This report aims to highlight the importance ofappropriate and expeditious initial wound managementof scar ulcers of the scalp (AU)

La úlcera de Marjolin, que se describió por vezprimera hace más de siglo y medio, se refiere a la raratransformación maligna de una vieja cicatriz o de unaúlcera crónica. La úlcera de Marjolin, que invada elcráneo y el cerebro es bastante excepcional. Se presentael caso de un paciente con una extensa úlcerade Marjolin, que aparece en una cicatriz secundariaa una quemadura ocurrida 50 años antes. El tumorhabía invadido el cráneo, la duramadre y el cerebro.Se enfermo murió 20 días después de la intervenciónquirúrgica. Este trabajo tiene como fin destacar laimportancia de un tratamiento, rápido y apropiado, delas cicatrices ulceradas del cuero cabelludo (AU)

Therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model.

We investigated the therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 175-200 g were anaesthetized and subjected to head trauma using Marmarou's impact-acceleration model. The rats were then separated into two groups; one group was treated with vitamin D3 and the other with saline for up to 4 days after the head trauma. Rats from both groups were killed 1, 3 or 8 days post-injury. The brains were examined histopathologically and scored according to the level of neuronal, vascular and axonal damage. There were no significant differences between the groups after 1 or 3 days, but evaluation after 8 days revealed a significant improvement in the group treated with vitamin D3. Our data indicate that vitamin D3 has a beneficial effect in diffuse axonal injury and may be useful in the management of this condition.