A snapshot of teleradiology practice in Turkey: the results of a survey among radiologists.

PURPOSE: This study featured a survey that offers a snapshot of various teleradiology practices in Turkey, a Group of Twenty country that has undertaken a major transformation of its health care system during the last two decades and is currently the world leader in terms of the combined number of per capita magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography examinations performed (which represent the bulk of teleradiology services worldwide). METHODS: The study data was collected from 4736 Turkish Society of Radiology (TSR) members via an electronic platform in the web environment through a questionnaire consisting of 24 questions. The survey was conducted in a 3-month time window (March-May 2021). Statistical tools were used for the analysis of the quantitative data. RESULTS: Responses from 156 members of the TSR comprised the study data, revealing that teleradiology is used for various applications in Turkey. Almost half of the participants (49%) performed teleradiology only in the private sector. Half of the respondents (51%) stated that they reported images at home for multiple centers. Moreover, 38% of the participants had been reporting more than 50 examinations per day, and 74% of the respondents earned less than 0.50 Euro per examination they reported. The overall satisfaction with teleradiology among the teleradiologists was, on average, 4.7 out of 10 points. CONCLUSION: The results are both promising for the future (i.e., concerning the propensity for adopting new technology) and alarming for the current state of affairs (i.e., insufficient radiologist reimbursement and lack of licensing and accreditation of teleradiology service providers). Periodic surveys performed in countries with different health care systems concerning financial, technical, and medicolegal aspects might reveal an up-to-date landscape of teleradiology practices worldwide and help guide local and regional decision-makers.

How Did the Updated 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society Risk Categorization for Patients with Diabetes Affect the Risk Perception and Lipid Goals? A Simulated Analysis of Real-life Data from EPHESUS Study.

BACKGROUND: The recent 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society practice guidelines introduced a new risk categorization for patients with diabetes. We aimed to compare the implications of the 2016 and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines with regard to the lipid-lowering treatment use, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment rates, and the estimated proportion of patients who would be at goal in an ideal setting. METHODS: Patients with diabetes were classified into 4 risk categories according to 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society dyslipidemia guidelines from the database of EPHESUS (cross-sectional, observational, countrywide registry of cardiology outpatient clinics) study. The use of lipid-lowering treatment and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment rates were then compared according to previous and new guidelines. RESULTS: This analysis included a total of 873 diabetic adults. Half of the study population (53.8%) were on lipid-lowering treatment and almost one-fifth (19.1%) were on high-intensity statins. While low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal was achieved in 19.5% and 7.5% of patients, 87.4% and 69.6% would be on target if their lipid-lowering treatment was intensified according to 2016 and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society lipid guidelines, respectively. The new target <55 mg/dL could only be achieved in 2.2% and 8.1% of very high-risk primary prevention and secondary prevention patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: The control of dyslipidemia was extremely poor among patients with diabetes. The use of lipid-lowering treatment was not at the desired level, and high-intensity lipid-lowering treatment use was even lower. Our simulation model showed that the high-dose statin plus ezetimibe therapy would improve goal attainment; however, it would not be possible to get goals with this treatment in more than one-third of the patients.

Neurolymphomatosis with Spinal Nerve Root Involvement Demonstrated on 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A 56 years old woman with a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma had dyspnea, weakness in the left upper extremity and vocal cord paralysis after chemotherapy. She underwent cervical, thoracal and lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) however findings on MRI could not entirely explain the symptoms of the patient. Therefore, the patient underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography and the scan revealed focal symmetrical 18F-FDG uptake on the cervical, thoracal and lumbal spinal nerve roots. Considering the symptoms of the patient and cerebrospinal fluid cytology findings, hypermetabolic spinal nerve roots were interpreted as lymphoma involvement.

ATYPICAL MRI FINDINGS IN CEREBRAL ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY: A CASE REPORT.

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a rare X-linked hereditary disease that results in accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids in all body tissues, thus causing demyelination of the white matter. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a reliable radiological modality to demonstrate the extension of brain lesions and severity of the disease. In the classic form, the parieto-occipital white matter is affected. Besides, atypical MRI findings such as primary frontal lobe involvement are rarely described. We report a case of adrenoleukodystrophy presenting with rare MRI findings such as bilateral symmetric frontal lobe white matter changes suggesting anterior predominance.

TSR guidelines for the practice of teleradiology: 2021 update.

This update of Turkish Society of Radiology's (TSR) guidelines for the practice of teleradiology is intended to provide a reference framework for all parties involved in delivering imaging services away from the immediate vicinity of the patient. It includes relevant definitions and general principles, features organizational modes and qualifications of the practicing parties, lists technical issues, and addresses such management and legal aspects as archiving and documentation, security and privacy, reliability, responsibilities, quality inspection and improvement, reimbursement and accountability.

Complementary Phenomena: Phantom Hand and Phantom Face.

After tissue or limb loss, the development of sensation and perception of the lost or deafferent tissue is defined as a phantom phenomenon. We investigated the presence of phantom phenomena in individuals who underwent a full face transplant as well as those who had a hand transplant. Specifically, we investigated sensory perception of the face on the fingers and sensory perception of the fingers on the face in three full face and four hand transplant patients. In all seven individuals, we used a brush to separately stimulate the right and left sides of the face or the palmar and dorsal faces of the hand. We then asked the individuals if they felt a sensation of touch on any other part of their body and, if so, to describe their perceptions. Changes in the regions of the primary sensory cortex representing the hand and face were defined using fMRI obtained via tactile sensory stimulation of the clinical examination areas. Two of the full face transplant patients reported sensory perceptions such as a prominent sensation of touch on their faces during sensory stimulation of their fingers. Three of the hand transplant patients reported sensory perceptions, which we referred to as finger patches, during sensory stimulation of the face area. In fMRI, overlaps were observed in the cortical hand and face representation areas. We consider the phantom hand and phantom face phenomena we observed to be complementary due to the neighborhood of the representations of the hand and face in the somatosensory cortex.

Management of LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Cardiology Practice: Real-life evidence of Under-treatment from the EPHESUS registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Effective treatment of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels has been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Herein, we aimed to provide insight to the real-life management of patients with DM in terms of LDL-C goal attainment and adherence to lipid management recommendations. Our objective was also to reveal the reasons of poor LDL-C goal attainment by assessing the perceptions of both physicians and patients. METHODS: We compared the diabetic and non-diabetic patients from the database of a nationwide registry conducted in cardiology outpatient clinics with regard to the demographic characteristics, educational status, comorbidities, medications, laboratory parameters and LDL-C goal attainment. Also, both the patients and attending physicians were surveyed to analyse perceptions and awareness of hypercholesterolemia. RESULTS: Of the 1868 consecutively enrolled patients, 873 (47%) had DM. Proportion of patients on statins was significantly lower in patients with DM (67.8% vs 55.3%; P < .001). The proportion of patients who attained LDL-C targets were lower among the diabetic patients (17.8% vs 15%; P = .06). The most common causes of the discontinuation of statin therapy were negative media coverage about statins (32.1%), and recommendations of physicians to stop the lipid lowering therapy (29.6%). Analysis of the physician survey revealed that the physicians could determine the off-target patients accurately (negative predictive value 98.4%) while the positive predictive value (48.8%) was low. The reasons for not attaining the LDL-C goals in diabetic patients were not prescription of statins (38%) and inadequate (eg low-dose, non-adherent) statin (28.3%) dosages. CONCLUSIONS: In real-life clinical cardiology practice, diabetic patients are far below the recommended LDL-C treatment goals. High-intensity statin treatment in diabetic population is still avoided because of the concerns about polypharmacy and drug interactions. Also, the inertia of physicians and even cardiologists is probably a major cause of refraining of prescription of optimal statin dosages.

Adaptive analysis of cortical plasticity with fMRI in full face and arm transplants.

The aim of this study is to examine cortical plasticity and to analyze cortical reorganization following hand and facial transplantation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients who had undergone full-face transplantation, hand transplantation and scapular arm replantation, as well as healthy controls, participated in the study. The perioral area and volar surfaces of the index finger and thumb were stimulated and images were acquired using 3 T functional MRI. The areas of the somatosensory cortex representing the hand and face are different in size and shape due to experience-dependent plasticity. Therefore, a new and more adaptive volume of interest analysis was created whereby the radiuses of the VOI masks were defined by the peak intensity of subsequent clusters. For each control subject, the distribution of activated voxels was observed for various cluster defining thresholds in order to determine the mean number of activated voxels for each stimulation inside the defined region. The determined numbers of voxels per subject were extracted from the defined regions using a binary search algorithm. Subsequently, the distances between the weighted centers of the extracted regions were calculated and compared. In transplant patients, the weighted centers of the hand and face clusters were separated at same-sized volumes. Two of the rehabilitated full-face transplant patients converge to the range of the controls. As a result, the weighted distribution of somatotopy indicated previous and present cortical reorganization. Additionally, referred sensation was assessed in two full-face transplant and one replant patient with activation clusters partially in BA40 in the Inferior Parietal Lobule.

The reasons of poor lipid target attainment for secondary prevention in real life practice: Results from EPHESUS.

OBJECTIVE: There are lack of studies considering the suboptimal management of dyslipidemia especially in cardiology outpatient clinics. This study was conducted to assess the patient adherence to cholesterol treatment recommendations and attainment of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. METHODS: EPHESUS (NCT02608645) is a national, observational and multicenter registry which has been designed as a cross-sectional study to allow inclusion of all consecutive patients with hypercholesterolemia in cardiology outpatient clinics. The present subgroup analyses of the EPHESUS trial included patients with known peripheral artery disease or atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, and coronary heart disease namely secondary prevention. RESULTS: The present analysis of the EPHESUS study included 1482 patients (62.79 ± 10.4 years, 38.2% female) with secondary prevention from 40 sites in Turkey. Regarding recommended lipid targets for LDL-C, only 267 patients (18%) were below the target of 70 mg/dL. Females were significantly more off-target when compared with male patients (396, 85.5% vs 67, 14.5%; P = 0.017). Moreover, the achievement of LDL-C goal was significantly decreased with illiteracy (233, 19.2% vs 35, 13.1%; P = 0.02). Patients who think that the cholesterol treatment should be terminated when the cholesterol level of a patient has normalised were higher in the off-target group (34.0% vs 24.7%, P < 0.001). Besides, physician perceptions about LDL-C goal for secondary prevention were significantly related with LDL-C target attainment. CONCLUSIONS: EPHESUS is an important study with large population in terms of representing real-life practice of the adherence to dyslipidemia guidelines in secondary prevention patients in Turkey. Perceptions, knowledge, and compliance with the guidelines for secondary prevention have increased, but it is far below from the desired levels even in cardiology outpatient clinics. There is a need for patients' and physicians' education regarding the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Signs in Neuroradiology: A Pictorial Review.

One of the major problems radiologists face in everyday practice is to decide the correct diagnosis, or at least narrow down the list of possibilities. In this context, indicative evidences (signs) are useful to recognize pathologies, and also to narrow the list of differential diagnoses. Despite classically being described for a single disease, or a closely related family of disorders, most indications are not restricted exclusively to their traditional definition. Therefore, using signs for prognosis requires knowledge of the mechanism of their appearance, and which pathologies they are observed in. In this study, we demonstrate some of the more common and useful neuroradiologic signs with relevant images, and discuss their use in differential diagnosis.

High-dose bolus tirofiban versus low-dose bolus in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of the present study was to determine effects of high-dose versus low-dose intravenous (IV) bolus tirofiban on angiographic measures, ST resolution, enzymatic infarct size, and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who were undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and received current pharmacoinvasive therapy. METHODS: Acute coronary syndrome patients (n=271, 85.6% male; mean age: 57.9±12.6 years) from between 2009 and 2015 who received IV tirofiban therapy following PCI were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had received maintenance tirofiban infusion (0.15 µg/kg/min) after bolus dose and 600 mg clopidogrel. Percentage of patients undergoing drug eluting stent implantation procedure was 33.5%. Tirofiban was administered to all patients in bailout situation or for thrombotic complication after PCI. RESULTS: High-dose IV bolus group (25 µg/kg; n=140) was associated with greater ST segment resolution (66% vs. 50%, p=0.013) and reduced peak troponin release [12.4 ng/dL (range: 6.5-21.5 ng/dL) vs. 16.4 ng/dL (range: 10.1-27.4 ng/dL), p=0.001] compared with low-dose bolus group (10 µg/kg, n=131). Cardiovascular event rates were similar between groups at in-hospital, 1-month, and 6-month follow-up (p=1.000, 1.000, and 0.287, respectively). Percentage of patients with post-procedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade III flow, major, and minor bleeding were similar (p=0.085, 1.000, and 0.965, respectively). CONCLUSION: Use of high-dose IV bolus tirofiban in addition to aspirin and high-dose clopidogrel improves ST segment resolution, reduces infarct size, and does not increase bleeding events in patients with ACS undergoing PCI compared with low-dose bolus. Angiographic measures and clinical endpoints were similar between groups.

Referred facial sensation on the hand after full face transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Using a single patient case study, we aimed to look at the interaction between full face transplantation and subsequent somatosensory representation in the cortex. METHODS: We present a patient with full face transplantation who has recovered primary sensory modalities. The patient also has facial sensations such as touch perception in sensory examinations of the hands and fingers. RESULTS: fMRI findings show interactions between the cortical representations of the face and hand. CONCLUSION: This phenomenon is one of the well-known referred sensations and reveals how face transplantation relates to cortical plasticity.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of two sisters with Van der Knaap leukoencephalopathy.

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, or Van der Knaap leukoencephalopathy, is a rare disease which is characterised by macrocephaly and neurological disorders with autosomal recessive inheritance. Magnetic resonance imaging is very helpful for determining distinctive findings and distinguishing other diseases. We present the radiological findings of two sisters (aged 6 and 10 years) diagnosed with Van der Knaap leukoencephalopathy.

Automatic abstraction of imaging observations with their characteristics from mammography reports.

BACKGROUND: Radiology reports are usually narrative, unstructured text, a format which hinders the ability to input report contents into decision support systems. In addition, reports often describe multiple lesions, and it is challenging to automatically extract information on each lesion and its relationships to characteristics, anatomic locations, and other information that describes it. The goal of our work is to develop natural language processing (NLP) methods to recognize each lesion in free-text mammography reports and to extract its corresponding relationships, producing a complete information frame for each lesion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We built an NLP information extraction pipeline in the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) NLP toolkit. Sequential processing modules are executed, producing an output information frame required for a mammography decision support system. Each lesion described in the report is identified by linking it with its anatomic location in the breast. In order to evaluate our system, we selected 300 mammography reports from a hospital report database. RESULTS: The gold standard contained 797 lesions, and our system detected 815 lesions (780 true positives, 35 false positives, and 17 false negatives). The precision of detecting all the imaging observations with their modifiers was 94.9, recall was 90.9, and the F measure was 92.8. CONCLUSIONS: Our NLP system extracts each imaging observation and its characteristics from mammography reports. Although our application focuses on the domain of mammography, we believe our approach can generalize to other domains and may narrow the gap between unstructured clinical report text and structured information extraction needed for data mining and decision support.

Venous drainage patterns in carotid cavernous fistulas.

Purpose. The carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal arteriovenous communication and its drainage pathways may affect the clinic presentation and change treatment approach. We evaluated drainage patterns of CCFs by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and categorized drainage pathways according to their types and etiology. Materials and Methods. Venous drainage patterns of 13 CCFs from 10 subjects were studied and categorized as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, and contralateral on DSA. Drainage patterns were correlated to types and etiology of CCFs. Diagnosis of CCFs was first made by noninvasive imaging techniques. Results. On DSA, traumatic CCFs were usually high flow, direct type while spontaneous CCFs were usually slow flow, indirect type. Bilaterality and mixed types were observed among the indirect spontaneous CCFs. In all CCFs, anterior and inferior drainages were the most common. Contrary to the literature, posterior and superior drainages were noted only in high flow and long standing direct fistulas. Contralateral drainage was not observed in all, supporting plausible compartmentalization of cavernous sinuses. Conclusion. Types, etiology, and duration of the CCFs may affect their drainage patterns. DSA is valuable for categorization of CCFs and verification of drainage patterns. Drainage pathways may affect the clinic presentation and also change treatment approach.

Hydatid disease located in the cerebellomedullary cistern.

Hydatid disease is an endemic zoonotic disease in many areas of the world. Liver, followed by lung, is the most commonly affected organ and involvement of other organs is rare. When brain is involved, lesions are typically supratentorial, and infratentorial localisation is even rarer. We present a 45-year-old woman with hydatid disease located in premedullary location compressing the brain stem, an exceedingly rare location for cerebral echinococcosis. Relevant literature regarding typical properties of cerebral disease was reviewed.

The use of low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy in patients with mechanical heart valves carries potential risk for valve thrombosis: a report of three cases.

Pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of valve thrombosis, hemorrhagic complications, and offspring complications in patients with metallic prosthetic heart valve (MHV). Warfarin treatment is the best regimen against thromboembolic complications, but its use in the first trimester can result in embryopathy. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) does not cross the placenta and has some potential advantages. However, the pharmacokinetics of LMWHs change during pregnancy, and serial monitoring of anti-Xa levels is strongly recommended. Despite this recommendation, LMWH therapy in a fixed dose is still used in pregnant women with MHV without monitoring anti-Xa activity in clinical practice. We present three cases of MHV thrombosis occurring while on therapy with LMWH during pregnancy. One of these patients showed cerebrovascular event, one presented with pulmonary edema, and one underwent reoperation for MHV thrombosis.

[A case with tricuspid valve brucella endocarditis presenting with acute right heart failure]. / Akut sag kalp yetersizligi ile basvuran hastada triküspit kapak brusella endokarditi.

Although the presence of brucella endocarditis is encountered rarely, it is the most fetal complication of brucellosis, which is shown to affect the aortic valve primarily and the mitral valve secondarily. Involvement of the tricuspid valve is extremely rare. A 62-year-old female was admitted with complaints of fever, fatigue, difficulty in breathing, and swellings in her legs. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed since acute right heart failure was considered due to her symptoms. The echocardiogram showed enlarged right heart chambers, serious tricuspid valve insufficiency, and a mass on the tricuspid valve compatible with a vegetation moving in and out of the right ventricle. Although no growths were observed in the blood culture, antibody titration for brucellosis was found to be 1/640 (+) in the serological examination. The patient was diagnosed with brucella endocarditis and placed on doxycycline, rifampicin, and ceftriaxone treatment for eight weeks. At the end of the eight-week treatment, the symptoms of right heart failure receded and the patient recovered from the endocarditis. Tricuspid valve brucella endocarditis should be considered in patients suffering from acute right heart failure accompanied by systemic infection findings since brucellosis is presently endemic in Turkey.