Surgical oncological emergencies in octogenarian patients.

Background: Surgical oncological emergencies represent a frequent challenge in acute settings, with postoperative courses characterized by high morbidity and mortality. An accurate selection of patients who could benefit from surgery is essential to avoid unnecessary invasive treatment. In this study, we tried to determine if advanced age (>80 years) represents a risk factor for negative short-term outcome in patients undergoing emergency surgery for acute abdominal oncological illness. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients who underwent emergency oncological surgery at the Department of Acute Care Surgery of Padua General Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022. One hundred two cancer patients were included in the study. Among them, 42 were aged ≥80 years (41%). Multiple preoperative and postoperative parameters were recorded, and the follow-up period was at least 90 days. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with short-term postoperative outcomes. Results: In the octogenarian group, 30-day mortality was 11% vs. 9.5% in the younger group [p = not significant (ns)] and 90-day mortality was 17.6% in the octogenarian group vs. 20.5% in the younger group (p = ns). Postoperative morbidity and hospital length of stay were not significantly different in the two groups. Low albumin levels [odds ratio (OR) 30.6, 9.51-87.07] and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (OR 26.4, 9.18-75.83) were predictive for short-term mortality in surgical oncological emergencies. Conclusion: Advanced age is not a risk factor for negative outcomes in surgical oncological emergencies. Therefore, surgical options should be considered in octogenarians with oncological emergencies and acceptable clinical conditions. Serum albumin levels and LDH can help predict the postoperative outcome after surgery for oncological emergencies.

Paraneoplastic myopathy-related rhabdomyolysis and pancreatic cancer: A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyolysis is a life-threatening condition, often leading to progressive renal failure and death. It is caused by destruction of skeletal muscle and the release of myoglobin and other intracellular contents into the circulation. The most frequent cause of this condition is "crush syndrome", although several others have been described and paraneoplastic inflammatory myopathies associated with various types of cancer are repeatedly reported. CASE SUMMARY: We describe a rare case of a patient with pancreatic cancer who developed rhabdomyolysis early on, possibly due to paraneoplastic myositis leading to acute renal failure and eventually to rapid death. A 78-year-old Caucasian woman was referred to our hospital for obstructive jaundice and weight loss due to a lesion in the pancreatic head. She presented increasingly severe renal insufficiency with anuria, a dramatic increase in creatine phosphokinase (36000 U/L, n.v. 20-180 U/L) and myoglobin (> 120000 µg/L, n.v. 12-70 µg/L). On clinical examination, the patient showed increasing pain in the lower limbs associated with muscle weakness which was severe enough to immobilize her. Paraneoplastic myopathy linked to the malignant lesion of the pancreatic head was suspected. The patient was treated with hemodialysis and intravenous methylprednisolone. Despite all the efforts to prepare the patient for surgery, her general condition rapidly deteriorated and she eventually died 30 d after hospital admission. CONCLUSION: The possible causes of rhabdomyolysis in this patient with pancreatic cancer are discussed, the development of paraneoplastic myopathy being the most likely. Clinicians should bear in mind that these syndromes may become clinically manifest at any stage of the cancer course and their early diagnosis and treatment could improve the patient's prognosis.

Extended Distal Pancreatectomy for Cancer of the Body and Tail of the Pancreas: Analysis of Early and Late Results.

Cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas often involves adjacent structures. Thus, surgical treatment may be extended to other organs or vessels in order to achieve radical resection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended distal pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. Between January 2000 and December 2016, 101 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy (DP) for pancreatic cancer: 65 patients underwent standard-DP and 36 extended-DP, including the resection of the partial stomach (n = 12), adrenal gland (n = 7), liver (n = 7), colon (n = 8), celiac axis (n = 6), portal vein (n = 5), jejunum (n = 4) and kidney (n = 4). The two groups were compared in terms of their TNM classification, pathological grade, nodal status, state of resection margins, age, sex and levels of preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19.9). The morbidity and mortality were not statistically different in the two groups. The two groups disease-free and overall survival rates were significantly influenced by the tumor's stage, nodal status, pathological features and resection margins. Survival was not influenced by the extent of the surgical resection. However, when patients were stratified according to the type of extended resection, survival was worse in the group of patients undergoing vascular resection. Multivariate analysis showed that the stage and resection margins are independent predictors of disease-free and overall survival. Extended distal pancreatectomy may be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Survival is not significantly different after standard or extended resection. However, the rate of tumor recurrence is high, and long-term survival is a rare event, especially in those patients who undergo distal pancreatectomy associated with vascular resection.

Safety and Efficacy of Surgery for Metastatic Tumor to the Pancreas: A Single-Center Experience.

Pancreatic metastases from other neoplasms are rare. The role of surgery for this clinical entity is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of resection in patients with pancreatic secondary lesions. We observed 44 patients with pancreatic metastases from other tumors. Renal cell carcinoma was the most common primary tumor (n = 19, 43.2%). Thirty-seven patients underwent surgery, and pancreatic resection with curative intent was feasible in 35 cases. Fifteen patients (43.2%) experienced major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo > 2), and postoperative mortality rate was 5.4%. The median overall survival and disease-free survival were 38 (range 0-186) and 11 (range 0-186) months, respectively. Overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly longer for pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma when compared to other primary tumors. Multivariate analysis confirmed a pathological diagnosis of metastasis from RCC as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OR 2.48; 95% CI, 1.00-6.14; p = 0.05). In conclusion, radical resection of metastases to the pancreas is feasible and safe, and may confer a survival benefit for selected patients. There is a clear benefit of metastasectomy in terms of patient survival for metastases from renal cell carcinoma, while for those with other primary tumors, surgery seems to be mainly palliative.

Does Pancreatic Fistula Affect Long-Term Survival after Resection for Pancreatic Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) on survival after resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. METHODS: The MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies reporting on survival in patients with and without POPF. A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the impact of POPF on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Sixteen retrospective cohort studies concerning a total of 5019 patients with an overall clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF) rate of 12.63% (n = 634 patients) were considered. Five of eleven studies including DFS data reported higher recurrence rates in patients with POPF, and one study showed a higher recurrence rate in the peritoneal cavity. Six of sixteen studies reported worse OS rates in patients with POPF. Sufficient data for a meta-analysis were available in 11 studies for DFS, and in 16 studies for OS. The meta-analysis identified a shorter DFS in patients with CR-POPF (HR 1.59, p = 0.0025), and a worse OS in patients with POPF, CR-POPF (HR 1.15, p = 0.0043), grade-C POPF (HR 2.21, p = 0.0007), or CR-POPF after neoadjuvant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: CR-POPF after resection for PDAC is significantly associated with worse overall and disease-free survival.

Recent Advances in Pancreatic Neoplasms.

Pancreatic neoplasms, both primary and secondary, include different pathological entities with variable biological behavior and, consequently, different treatment modalities [...].

The Prognostic Value of Low Muscle Mass in Pancreatic Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Low muscle mass is associated with reduced survival in patients with different cancer types. The interest in preoperative sarcopenia and pancreatic cancer has risen in the last decade as muscle mass loss seems to be associated with poorer survival, higher postoperative morbidity, and mortality. The aim of the present study was to review the literature to compare the impact of low muscle mass on the outcomes of patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. An extensive literature review was conducted according to the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and 10 articles were analyzed in detail and included in the meta-analysis. Data were retrieved on 2811 patients undergoing surgery for pancreatic cancer. Meta-analysis identified that patients with low muscle mass demonstrated a significantly reduced OS when compared to patients without alterations of the muscle mass (ROM 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81-0.91, p < 0.001), resulting in a 14% loss for the former. Meta-analysis failed to identify an increase in the postoperative complications and length of stay of patients with low muscle mass. Our analysis confirms the role of low muscle mass in influencing oncologic outcomes in pancreatic cancer. Its role on surgical outcomes remains to be established.

The Ratio of C-Reactive Protein to Albumin Is an Independent Predictor of Malignant Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas.

There is growing evidence to indicate that inflammatory reactions are involved in cancer progression. The aim of this study is to assess the significance of systemic inflammatory biomarkers, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the ratio of C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR), the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and the modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGps) in the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent pancreatic resection for IPMNs from January 2005 to December 2015. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed, considering preoperative inflammatory biomarkers, clinicopathological variables, and imaging features. Eighty-three patients with histologically proven IPMNs of the pancreas were included in the study, 37 cases of low-grade or intermediate dysplasia and 46 cases of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or invasive carcinoma. Univariate analysis showed that obstructive jaundice (p = 0.02) and a CAR of >0.083 (p = 0.001) were predictors of malignancy. On multivariate analysis, only the CAR was a statistically significant independent predictor of HGD or invasive carcinoma in pancreatic IPMNs, identifying a subgroup of patients with a poor prognosis. Combining the CAR with patients' imaging findings, clinical features and tumor markers can be useful in the clinical management of IPMNs. Their value should be tested in prospective studies.

The role of FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI in assessing response to neoadjuvant therapy for patients with borderline or resectable pancreatic cancer: a systematic literature review.

The aim of the present systematic review is to examine the role of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) associated with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessing response to preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with borderline and resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Three researchers ran a database query in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE. The total number of patients considered was 488. The most often used parameters of response to therapy were the reductions in the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) or the peak standardized uptake lean mass (SULpeak). Patients whose SUVs were higher at the baseline (before CRT) were associated with a better response to therapy and a better overall survival. SUVs remaining high after neoadjuvant therapy correlated with a poor prognosis. Available data indicate that FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI can be useful for predicting and assessing response to CRT in patients with resectable or borderline PDAC.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Surgical Treatment for Isolated Local Recurrence of Pancreatic Cancer.

PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the outcome of surgical treatment for isolated local recurrence of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. RESULTS: Six studies concerning 431 patients with recurrent pancreatic cancer met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis: 176 underwent redo surgery, and 255 received non-surgical treatments. Overall survival and post-recurrence survival were significantly longer in the re-resected group (ratio of means (ROM) 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54-2.56, I2 = 75.89%, p = 0.006, and ROM = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.48-2.83, I2 = 76.39%, p = 0.002, respectively) with a median overall survival benefit of 28.7 months (mean difference (MD) 28.7; 95% CI, 10.3-47.0, I2 = 89.27%, p < 0.001) and median survival benefit of 15.2 months after re-resection (MD 15.2; 95% CI, 8.6-21.8, I2 = 58.22%, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Resection of isolated pancreatic cancer recurrences is safe and feasible and may offer a survival benefit. Selection of patients and assessment of time and site of recurrence are mandatory.

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Patient with MEN 1 Syndrome. Case Report and Literature Review.

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is typically associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome (MEN 2), but not with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). We report a very rare case of MTC in a patient with MEN 1 syndrome. A 60-year-old Caucasian woman with sporadic MEN 1 syndrome was admitted in October 2018 for recurrent hyperparathyroidism unresponsive to medical therapy. Her medical history included the diagnosis of a non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NF-pNET) of the head of the pancreas 1.5 cm in size in 2001, and subtotal parathyroidectomy for uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism due to bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia in the same year. This history prompted genetic studies, and MEN 1 syndrome was confirmed. Family screening was performed in first-degree relatives, with negative results. Other typical clinical manifestations of MEN 1 syndrome were ruled out. In November 2018, the patient underwent excision of the residual left inferior parathyroid, extended to include the left thyroid lobe, for recurrent uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism. The pathologist identified MTC and adenoma of the parathyroid gland. Genetic tests were performed to identify any RET mutation, with negative results. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy about 6 months later, and the subsequent histological report showed only focal reactive C-cell hyperplasia of the thyroid. A literature review identified only three previously published cases of MTC coexisting with MEN 1 syndrome. This association may have two etiological hypotheses: either a sporadic MTC arising in a patient with MEN 1 syndrome, or a rare case of medullary cancer linked to a MEN 1 gene mutation.

Prognostic Implications of 18-FDG Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer.

There are currently no known preoperative factors for determining the prognosis in pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the role of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18-FDG-PET/CT) as a prognostic factor for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of patients who had a preoperative PET scan and then underwent pancreatic resection from January 2007 to December 2015. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 18-FDG-PET/CT was calculated. Patients were divided into high (>3.65) and low (≤3.65) SUVmax groups, and compared in terms of their TNM classification (Union for International Cancer Contro classification), pathological grade, surgical treatment, state of resection margins, lymph node involvement, age, sex, diabetes and serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) levels. The study involved 144 patients, 82 with high SUVmax pancreatic cancer and 62 with low SUVmax disease. The two groups' disease-free and overall survival rates were significantly influenced by tumor stage, lymph node involvement, pathological grade, resection margins and SUVmax. Patients with an SUVmax ≤ 3.65 had a significantly better survival than those with SUVmax > 3.65 (p < 0.001). The same variables were independent predictors of survival on multivariate analysis. The SUVmax calculated with 18-FDG-PET/CT is an important prognostic factor for patients with pancreatic cancer, and may be useful in decisions concerning patients' therapeutic management.

The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Clinical Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas.

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors, increasingly diagnosed in clinical practice. An early differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lesions is crucial to patient management and the choice of surgery or observation. The therapeutic approach is currently based on a patient's clinical, biochemical, and morphological characteristics. The latest published International Consensus Guidelines (ICG) make no mention of the role of metabolic assessments of IPMNs. The aim of this study was to review the current literature, examining the role of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in IPMN management. An extensive literature review was conducted according to the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and 10 articles were analyzed in detail, focusing on the value of PET as opposed to other standard imaging criteria. Data were retrieved on 419 patients. The 18-FDG-PET proved more sensitive, specific, and accurate than the ICG criteria in detecting malignant IPMNs (reaching 80%, 95%, and 87% vs. 67%, 58%, and 63%, respectively). Metabolic assessments may be used as an additional tool for the appropriate management of patients with doubtful imaging findings.

Adrenal metastasis from endometrial cancer: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Metastases to adrenal glands originate principally from lung, breast, or gastrointestinal cancers, followed by malignant melanoma and thyroid neoplasms. We present an unusual case of uterine cancer metastasizing to the adrenal glands with a review of the English literature on the management of this rare disease. CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of endometrial cancer (grade 2; International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics III A) was hospitalized in November 2017 for a left adrenal mass found on a follow-up computed tomography scan 3 years after her gynecological surgery. Laboratory test results were normal. A laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and no chemotherapy was administered. The pathological report confirmed an adrenal endometrioid metastasis. At 36 mo of follow-up, the patient is alive and well, with no evidence of recurrent disease. A literature review identified only 11 previously-published cases of adrenal metastases from uterine cancer. CONCLUSION: Adrenal metastasis from uterine cancer is very rare. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be an effective treatment in selected cases of localized adrenal metastasis.

Surgery for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer: Is It Effective?

Despite improvements to surgical procedures and novel combinations of drugs for adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the recurrence rate after radical surgery is still high. Little is known about the role of surgery in the treatment of isolated recurrences of pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to review the current literature dealing with surgery for recurrent pancreatic cancer in order to examine its feasibility and effectiveness. An extensive literature review was conducted according to the 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and 14 articles dealing with re-resections for recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma were analyzed, focusing on the characteristics of the primary neoplasm and its recurrence, the surgical procedures used, and patient outcomes. Data were retrieved on a total of 301 patients. The interval between surgery for primary pancreatic cancer and the detection of a recurrence ranged from 2 to 120 months. The recurrence was local or regional in 230 patients, and distant in 71. The median overall survival was 68.9 months (range 3-152) after resection of the primary tumor, and 26.0 months (range 0-112) after surgery for recurrent disease. The disease-free interval after the resection of recurrences was 14.2 months (range 4-29). Although data analysis was performed on a heterogeneous and limited number of patients, some of these may benefit from surgery for isolated recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Further studies are needed to identify these cases.

One-lung ventilation to treat hepatic dome lesion - a further step towards minimally invasive surgery: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although liver resection is still the best treatment for primary or metastatic hepatic lesions, a conventional surgical approach may be challenging in patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery. We present a case of a 58-year-old white man with paracaval, subdiaphragmatic, recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma; he had a history of multiple abdominal surgeries. METHODS: In select patients, percutaneous ultrasound-guided thermal ablation is a valid non-surgical alternative due to its safety, efficacy, and good tolerability. Hepatic lesions located in the posterosuperior segments, however, can be difficult to reach via a percutaneous approach. RESULT: For these cases, one-lung left-sided ventilation may be particularly helpful in blocking the right hemidiaphragm and improving the acoustic window to the liver. CONCLUSION: We present a case of paracaval, subdiaphragmatic, recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in which the tumor was only reachable after one-lung left-sided ventilation that was successfully treated by percutaneous ultrasound-guided microwave ablation.

Collision of ductal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous occurrence of exocrine and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas is very infrequent. We report a patient with an endocrine tumor in the pancreatic-duodenal area and extensive exocrine carcinoma involving the whole pancreas. CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old woman was hospitalized in May 2016 for epigastric pain and weight loss. Her past medical history revealed an undefined main pancreatic duct dilation that was subsequently confirmed at CT scan (23 mm) and endoscopic ultrasound. There was no evidence of pancreatic masses, but the cephalic portion of the main pancreatic duct presented hypoechoic nodules. A diagnosis of the main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was made, and the patient underwent total pancreatectomy. Pathological examination showed a collision tumor constituted by a ductal adenocarcinoma involving the whole pancreas and a neuroendocrine tumor located in the duodenal peripancreatic wall and the head of the pancreas. There was one peripancreatic lymph node metastasis from the ductal adenocarcinoma and eight node metastases from the neuroendocrine tumor. These findings suggested a diagnosis of collision of neuroendocrine and ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. The postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of pancreatic endocrine and exocrine tumors is very uncommon. When present, problems in differential diagnosis may arise between mixed exocrine-endocrine carcinoma or the collision of separate tumors.

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: A systematic review of literature and the role of current drugs and biomarkers.

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only a pathophysiological process involving the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues and organs. Hepatic IRI can seriously impair liver function, even producing irreversible damage, which causes a cascade of multiple organ dysfunction. Many factors, including anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and secretion of ROS, intracellular Ca(2+) overload, cytokines and chemokines produced by KCs and neutrophils, and NO, are involved in the regulation of hepatic IRI processes. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) can be an important mediator of early leukocyte recruitment and target in acute and chronic liver injury associated to ischemia. MMPs and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could be used as markers of I-R injury severity stages. This review explores the relationship between factors and inflammatory pathways that characterize hepatic IRI, MMPs and current pharmacological approaches to this disease.

Liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer in very elderly patients: New surgical horizons.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) may develop liver metastases. Surgical resection remains the best treatment of choice for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) according to resectability criteria, with a long-term survival of 25% up to 41% after 5 years. Advanced age is associated with a higher incidence and co-morbidity, particularly cardiovascular disease, as well as deteriorating physiological reserves. The aim of this study was to analyse the overall and disease-free survival for patients with CRLM according to their chronological age. METHODS: Patients with CRLM were enrolled in the study. Data on gender, age, co-morbidity, metastasis characteristics (number, size and total metastatic volume (TMV)), use of perioperative chemotherapy and operative and post-operative complications were collected. Then, according to recent World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the patients were grouped by age. Statistical analysis was performed using the software R (ver. 2.14.1). RESULTS: Hepatic resection was performed in 149 patients (21 patients in the very elderly group, 79 in the elderly group and 49 in the younger group). The three groups were comparable in terms of operative duration, transfusion rate, length of high-dependency unit (HDU) stay and post-operative hospital stay. The very elderly group showed a non-significant increase in post-operative morbidity. The 30-day and 60-day/inpatient mortality rates increased with age without any significant statistically difference between the three groups (very elderly group 4.8% and 4.8%; elderly group: 2.5% and 3.8%; and younger group 0% and 2%). At 5 years, the overall survival was 28.6% for very elderly patients (≥75 years), 33.3% for elderly patients (≥65 to <75 years) and 43.5% for younger patients (≤65 years). The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival was similar across the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Liver resection for CRLM in carefully selected patients above the age of 75 can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates, similar to those in younger patients. Moreover, the severity of CRLM in elderly patients is proven to be lesser than in younger patients. Thus, we can conclude that advanced chronological age cannot be considered a contraindication to hepatic resection for CRLM.

Metastases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A systematic review of literature and a new functional concept.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer, especially Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, is still associated with a high mortality and morbidity for affected patients notwithstanding considerable progresses in diagnosis and both surgical pharmacological therapy. Despite metastases from colorectal, gastric and neuroendocrine primary tumor and their treatment are widely reported, the literature has been rarely investigated the impact of localization and numbers of pancreatic metastases. This study performed a systematic analysis of the most recent scientific literature on the natural history of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma focusing attention on the role that the "M" parameter has on a possible prognostic stratification of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed and Science Direct databases were searched for relevant articles on these issue. RESULTS: Initial database searches yielded 7231 studies from PubMed and 29101 from Science Direct. We evaluated 1031 eligible full text articles. CONCLUSIONS: An updated insight into the world of Pancreatic Tumors might help physicians in better evaluating mechanisms of metastases, patients selection and survival and in programming appropriate interventions to modify the worst outcomes of advanced disease.