Quality indicators for primary health care in chronic kidney disease in the public service of a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be avoided when promptly diagnosed and treated. The objective was to describe quality indicators of CKD detection and health care in the primary care public service of a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This retrospective study analyzed charts of patients who attended primary care in the public service between November 2019 and February 2020. We selected 10 health quality indicators based on their scientific relevance and availability from the medical records that could express how CKD was identified and managed in primary health care. We estimated the adequate percentage of health indicators with data from 1,066 individuals who had ≥ one risk factor for CKD: hypertension, diabetes, or > 60 years old. Among patients, 79.4% had information on serum creatinine, whereas 58.8% were investigated for proteinuria. Blood pressure data were found in 98.9% of the records. The percentage of patients with blood pressure < 140x90mmHg, glycosylated hemoglobin < 6.5% and LDL-cholesterol < 100mg/dL was 79.2%, 49.2%, and 33.3%, respectively. Renin-angiotensin system blockers were prescribed to 82.8% of the patients with hypertension and CKD. Serum potassium was measured in 35.7% for those who were using renin-angiotensin system blockers. Among those people with CKD, 16.7% had CKD assigned in the medical records as a diagnose. Among those participants at higher risk for CKD, the referral rate to a nephrologist was 31.6%. This study confirmed some missed quality indicators of CKD in primary healthcare. Our results may help administrators develop public policies that improve health care for individuals at high risk for CKD. Long-term follow-up of the health indicators we proposed here will be useful to assess the impact of policy intervention.

Quality indicators for primary health care in chronic kidney disease in the public service of a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Qualidade de atenção primária em doença renal crônica em um serviço público de um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Calidad de los cuidados de salud en la atención primaria relacionados con la enfermedad crónica de riñón en un servicio público en una ciudad del Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be avoided when promptly diagnosed and treated. The objective was to describe quality indicators of CKD detection and health care in the primary care public service of a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. This retrospective study analyzed charts of patients who attended primary care in the public service between November 2019 and February 2020. We selected 10 health quality indicators based on their scientific relevance and availability from the medical records that could express how CKD was identified and managed in primary health care. We estimated the adequate percentage of health indicators with data from 1,066 individuals who had ≥ one risk factor for CKD: hypertension, diabetes, or > 60 years old. Among patients, 79.4% had information on serum creatinine, whereas 58.8% were investigated for proteinuria. Blood pressure data were found in 98.9% of the records. The percentage of patients with blood pressure < 140x90mmHg, glycosylated hemoglobin < 6.5% and LDL-cholesterol < 100mg/dL was 79.2%, 49.2%, and 33.3%, respectively. Renin-angiotensin system blockers were prescribed to 82.8% of the patients with hypertension and CKD. Serum potassium was measured in 35.7% for those who were using renin-angiotensin system blockers. Among those people with CKD, 16.7% had CKD assigned in the medical records as a diagnose. Among those participants at higher risk for CKD, the referral rate to a nephrologist was 31.6%. This study confirmed some missed quality indicators of CKD in primary healthcare. Our results may help administrators develop public policies that improve health care for individuals at high risk for CKD. Long-term follow-up of the health indicators we proposed here will be useful to assess the impact of policy intervention.

Resumo: As complicações da doença renal crônica (DRC) podem ser evitadas quando a doença é diagnosticada e tratada oportunamente. O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a qualidade dos indicadores da detecção e assistência para a DRC no sistema púbico de saúde em um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O estudo retrospectivo analisou prontuários de pacientes que utilizaram serviços de atenção primária no sistema público entre novembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020. Selecionamos dez indicadores de qualidade com base na relevância científica e disponibilidade, a partir dos prontuários médicos. Calculamos o percentual de adequação com dados de 1.066 indivíduos que apresentavam ≥ 1 fatores de risco para DRC: hipertensão, diabetes ou idade > 60 anos. No total, 79,4% dos pacientes apresentavam informação sobre creatinina sérica, e 58,8% foram investigados para proteinúria. Dados de pressão arterial foram encontrados em 98,9% dos prontuários. As proporções de pacientes com pressão arterial < 140x90mmHg, hemoglobina glicada < 6,5% e LDL < 100mg/dL foram 79,2%, 49,2% e 33,3%, respectivamente. Os antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina foram prescritos em 82,8% dos pacientes com hipertensão e DRC. O potássio sérico foi medido em 35,7% dos pacientes em uso de antagonistas do sistema renina-angiotensina. Entre os indivíduos com DRC, 16,7% tinham esse diagnóstico registrado no prontuário médico. Entre os participantes com risco mais elevado de DRC, 31,6% foram encaminhados para um nefrologista. O estudo confirmou a falta de alguns indicadores de qualidade para DRC na assistência primária. Os resultados podem ajudar gestores a desenvolverem políticas públicas que melhorem a assistência para indivíduos com risco maior de DRC. O seguimento a longo prazo dos indicadores de saúde propostos aqui será útil para avaliar o impacto dessa política de intervenção.

Resumen: Las complicaciones de la enfermedad crónica de riñón (ECR) se pueden evitar cuando esta enfermedad se diagnostica con prontitud y se trata. El objetivo fue describir indicadores de calidad en la detección de ECR, así como la asistencia en el servicio público de una ciudad, en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Este estudio retrospectivo analizó fichas de pacientes que acudían a atención primaria en el servicio público, entre noviembre 2019 y febrero 2020. Seleccionamos 10 indicadores de calidad en salud, basados en relevancia científica y disponibilidad de registros médicos. Calculamos el porcentaje de adecuación de ellos con datos de 1.066 personas que tenían ≥ 1 factor de riesgo ECR: hipertensión, diabetes, o > 60 años. Un 79,4% de los pacientes tenían información sobre la creatinina sérica, y se investigó a un 58,8% en el caso de la proteinuria. Los datos de presión sanguínea se encontraron en un 98,9% de los registros. El porcentaje de pacientes con presión sanguínea < 140x90mmHg, hemoglobina glicada < 6,5% y LDL < 100mg/dL fue 79,2%, 49,2%, y 33,3%, respectivamente. Se prescribieron bloqueadores del sistema renina-angiotensina a un 82,8% de los pacientes con hipertensión y ECR. Se midió el potasio sérico en un 35,7% de aquellos quienes estaban usando bloqueadores del sistema renina-angiotensina. Entre aquellas personas con ECR, 16,7% había ECR asignado en los registros médicos como diagnosis. Entre aquellos participantes en riesgo mayor por ECR, la tasa de derivación a un nefrólogo fue 31,6%. Este estudio confirmó algunos indicadores de calidad olvidados de ECR en los cuidados de salud en la atención primaria. Nuestros resultados quizás podrían ayudar a los gestores a desarrollar políticas públicas que mejoraran el cuidado de salud para las personas con alto riesgo de ECR. El seguimiento a largo plazo de los indicadores de salud que propusimos aquí será útil para evaluar el impacto de la política de intervención.

Association between fibroblast growth factor 23 and functional capacity among independent elderly individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of between serum fibroblast growth factor 23 and the functional capacity among independent individuals, aged 80 or older. METHODS: The functional capacity of 144 elderly was assessed by Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, cognitive tests, handgrip strength and the timed ability to rise from a chair and sit down five times. Fibroblast growth factor 23 was measured using an ELISA assay. RESULTS: Participants in the lowest fibroblast growth factor 23 tertile had the highest mean±standard deviation estimated glomerular filtration rate, the highest mean hemoglobin level, the lowest average number of diseases and the lowest number of medications used. In participants with the estimated glomerular filtration rate >45mL/minute/1.73m2, mean fibroblast growth factor 23 level was higher in those with 25(OH) vitamin D <20ng/mL than in those with 25(OH) vitamin D ≥20ng/mL (75.6RU/mL±42.8 versus 68.5RU/mL±41.7; p<0.001). There was an increase in the mean serum cystatin C (from 1.3mg/mL±0.3 to 1.5mg/mL±0.3 to 1.7mg/mL±0.4) as function of higher fibroblast growth factor 23 tertile (p<0.001). Fibroblast growth factor 23 levels were not significantly associated with capacity in physical or cognitive tests. CONCLUSION: In independent community-dwelling elderly, aged ≥80 years, fibroblast growth factor 23 was associated with aged-related comorbidities and renal function but not with functional capacity.

Brazilian dialysis survey 2019 / Inquérito brasileiro de diálise 2019

Abstract Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve the treatment of patients. Objective: To present data from the Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2019, promoted by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. Methods: Data collection from dialysis units in the country through a completed online questionnaire for 2019. Results: 314 (39%) centers responded the questionnaire. In July 2019, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 139,691. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 665 and 218, respectively, with mean annual increases of 25 pmp and 14 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 18.2%. Of the prevalent patients, 93.2% were on hemodialysis and 6.8% on peritoneal dialysis; and 33,015 (23.6%) on the waiting list for transplantation. 55% of THE centers offered treatment with peritoneal dialysis. Venous catheters were used as access in 24.8% of THE patients on hemodialysis. 17% of the patients had K ≥ 6.0mEq/L; 2.5% required red blood cell transfusion in July 2019 and 10.8% of the patients had serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D < 20 ng/mL. Conclusion: The absolute number of patients, the incidence and prevalence rates in dialysis in the country continue to increase, as well as the percentage of patients using venous catheter as dialysis access. There was an increase in the number of patients on the list for transplantation and a tendency to reduce gross mortality.

Resumo Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre o tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que almejem melhora no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar dados do Inquérito brasileiro de diálise de 2019, promovido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Métodos: Coleta de dados das unidades de diálise do país através de questionário preenchido on-line referente a 2019. Resultados: 314 (39%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2019, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi de 139.691. As estimativas das taxas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes em tratamento dialítico por milhão da população (pmp) foram 665 e 218, respectivamente, com médias de aumento anuais de 25 pmp e 14 pmp para prevalência e incidência, respectivamente. A taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 18,2%. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 93,2% estavam em hemodiálise e 6,8% em diálise peritoneal, e 33.015 (23,6%) em fila de espera para transplante. 55% dos centros ofereciam tratamento com diálise peritoneal. Cateter venoso era usado como acesso em 24,8% dos pacientes em hemodiálise. 17% dos pacientes tinham K ≥ 6,0mEq/L, 2,5% necessitaram de transfusão de hemácias em julho/2019 e 10,8% dos pacientes apresentavam níveis séricos de 25-OH vitamina D < 20 ng/mL. Conclusão: O número absoluto de pacientes e as taxas de incidência e prevalência em diálise no país continuam aumentando, assim como o percentual de pacientes em uso de cateter venoso como acesso para diálise. Houve aumento do número de pacientes na lista para transplante e tendência para redução da mortalidade bruta.

Variability in Hemoglobin Levels and the Factors Associated with Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A 78-Month Follow-Up Study.

Some studies have described that when the hemoglobin levels of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients change, especially in those taking erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA), they are associated with unfavorable outcomes such as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular events. This prospective cohort study included patients with end-stage renal disease currently undergoing hemodialysis. The initial 6-month clinical evaluation provided data of the variability in hemoglobin, associated blood parameters, and the use of erythropoietin. Subsequently, the patients were followed up for 78 months to evaluate mortality-associated factors. In total, 133 patients completed the 6-month follow-up with a mean age of 47.1 (±13.2) years. The majority were women (51.9%). Six-month hemoglobin levels were as follows: always low (18.0%), intermediate/target (1.5%), always high (0.8%), low-amplitude fluctuation/Hb low (n = 37; 27.8%), low-amplitude fluctuation/Hb high (13.53%), and high-amplitude fluctuation (38.6%), among end-stage renal disease patients. At the end of 78 months, 50 (37.6%) patients died; 70% of deaths were attributed to cardiovascular etiologies. A high variability was observed in hemoglobin levels, which was not associated with mortality. Among all the variables evaluated, age, erythropoietin dose, and transferrin saturation were associated with a higher mortality. Thus, this study suggests that greater attention to erythropoietin doses and transferrin saturation levels may improve the survival of dialysis patients.

Brazilian dialysis survey 2019.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve the treatment of patients. OBJECTIVE: To present data from the Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2019, promoted by the Brazilian Society of Nephrology. METHODS: Data collection from dialysis units in the country through a completed online questionnaire for 2019. RESULTS: 314 (39%) centers responded the questionnaire. In July 2019, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 139,691. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 665 and 218, respectively, with mean annual increases of 25 pmp and 14 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 18.2%. Of the prevalent patients, 93.2% were on hemodialysis and 6.8% on peritoneal dialysis; and 33,015 (23.6%) on the waiting list for transplantation. 55% of THE centers offered treatment with peritoneal dialysis. Venous catheters were used as access in 24.8% of THE patients on hemodialysis. 17% of the patients had K ≥ 6.0mEq/L; 2.5% required red blood cell transfusion in July 2019 and 10.8% of the patients had serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D < 20 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients, the incidence and prevalence rates in dialysis in the country continue to increase, as well as the percentage of patients using venous catheter as dialysis access. There was an increase in the number of patients on the list for transplantation and a tendency to reduce gross mortality.

Association between fibroblast growth factor 23 and functional capacity among independent elderly individuals / Associação entre fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 e capacidade funcional em idosos independentes

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the association of between serum fibroblast growth factor 23 and the functional capacity among independent individuals, aged 80 or older. Methods The functional capacity of 144 elderly was assessed by Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, cognitive tests, handgrip strength and the timed ability to rise from a chair and sit down five times. Fibroblast growth factor 23 was measured using an ELISA assay. Results Participants in the lowest fibroblast growth factor 23 tertile had the highest mean±standard deviation estimated glomerular filtration rate, the highest mean hemoglobin level, the lowest average number of diseases and the lowest number of medications used. In participants with the estimated glomerular filtration rate >45mL/minute/1.73m2, mean fibroblast growth factor 23 level was higher in those with 25(OH) vitamin D <20ng/mL than in those with 25(OH) vitamin D ≥20ng/mL (75.6RU/mL±42.8 versus 68.5RU/mL±41.7; p<0.001). There was an increase in the mean serum cystatin C (from 1.3mg/mL±0.3 to 1.5mg/mL±0.3 to 1.7mg/mL±0.4) as function of higher fibroblast growth factor 23 tertile (p<0.001). Fibroblast growth factor 23 levels were not significantly associated with capacity in physical or cognitive tests. Conclusion In independent community-dwelling elderly, aged ≥80 years, fibroblast growth factor 23 was associated with aged-related comorbidities and renal function but not with functional capacity.

RESUMO Objetivo Examinar a associação entre o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 sérico e a capacidade funcional em indivíduos independentes, com 80 anos ou mais. Métodos A capacidade funcional de 144 idosos foi avaliada por meio de Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária, testes cognitivos, força de preensão manual e capacidade de levantar de uma cadeira e sentar cinco vezes. O fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 foi medido pelo teste ELISA. Resultados Os participantes no tercil mais baixo de fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 tiveram a maior média±desvio-padrão da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada, concentração média de hemoglobina mais alta, menor número médio de doenças e menor número de medicamentos utilizados. Em participantes com taxa de filtração glomerular estimada >45mL/minuto/1,73m2, o nível médio do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 foi maior naqueles com 25(OH) vitamina D <20ng/mL do que naqueles com 25(OH) vitamina D ≥20ng/mL (75,6RU/mL±42,8 versus 68,5RU/mL±41,7; p<0,001). Houve aumento na cistatina C sérica média (de 1,3mg/mL±0,3 a 1,5mg/mL±0,3 a 1,7mg/mL±0,4) em função do tercil de fator de crescimento 23 de fibroblastos mais alto (p<0,001). Os níveis de fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 não foram significativamente associados à capacidade em testes físicos ou cognitivos. Conclusão Em idosos independentes residentes na comunidade ≥80 anos, o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos 23 foi associado a comorbidades relacionadas à idade e à função renal, mas não à capacidade funcional.

Quality of life and spirituality of patients with chronic kidney disease: pre- and post-transplant analysis.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the quality of life (QoL) of patients under dialysis and after kidney transplant; correlate the QoL of transplant patients to sociodemographic, morbid and spirituality/religiosity variables. METHOD: prospective study with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 27 patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis or dialysis undergoing kidney transplant. QoL and spirituality were assessed by the KDQOL-SF and WHOQOL-SRPB tools, being correlated with sociodemographic and economic variables. RESULTS: the dimensions of total mental component, kidney disease effects and kidney disease burden showed significant improvement in the post-transplant period, with p <0.0004. There was a significant correlation between four dimensions of spirituality and seven dimensions of QoL; p ranged from 0.04 to 0.006. CONCLUSION: there was a significant improvement in QoL in the post-transplant period. The dimensions of spirituality: wholeness and integration, spiritual connection, wonder and inner peace were positively correlated with seven dimensions of QoL.

Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise: análise de dados da década 2009-2018

ABSTRACT Introduction: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve patient treatment. Objective: To present data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic dialysis for kidney disease in July 2018, making a comparative analysis of the past 10 years. Methods: Data collection from dialysis units, with filling in an online questionnaire for 2018. Data from 2009, 2013 and 2018 were compared. Results: 288 (36.6%) centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2018, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 133,464. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 640 and 204, respectively, with average annual increases of 23.5 pmp and 6 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.5%. Of the prevalent patients, 92.3% were on hemodialysis and 7.7% on peritoneal dialysis, with 29,545 (22.1%) on the waiting list for transplantation. Median bicarbonate concentration in the hemodialysis bath was 32 mEq/L. Venous catheters were used as access in 23.6% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C showed a progressive reduction (3.2%). Conclusion: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence in dialysis in the country increased substantially in the period, although there are considerable differences in rates by state. There has been a persistent increase in the use of venous catheters as an access for dialysis; and reduction in the number of patients with positive serology for hepatitis C.

RESUMO Introdução: Dados nacionais sobre o tratamento dialítico crônico são essenciais para a elaboração de políticas de saúde que almejem melhora no tratamento dos pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar dados do inquérito da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia sobre pacientes com doença renal crônica dialítica em julho de 2018, fazendo análise comparativa dos últimos 10 anos. Métodos: Coleta de dados a partir das unidades de diálise, com preenchimento de questionário on-line referentes a 2018. Foram comparados dados de 2009, 2013 e 2018. Resultados: 288 (36,6%) centros responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2018, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise foi de 133.464. Estimativas das taxas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes em tratamento dialítico por milhão da população (pmp) foram de 640 e 204, respectivamente, com médias de aumento anuais de 23,5 pmp e 6 pmp para prevalência e incidência, respectivamente. Taxa anual de mortalidade bruta foi de 19,5%. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 92,3% estavam em hemodiálise e 7,7%, em diálise peritoneal, com 29.545 (22,1%) em fila de espera para transplante. Concentração mediana de bicarbonato no banho de hemodiálise foi de 32 mEq/L. Cateter venoso era usado como acesso em 23,6% dos pacientes em hemodiálise. Taxa de prevalência de sorologia positiva para hepatite C apresentou redução progressiva (3,2%). Conclusão: Número absoluto de pacientes e taxas de incidência e prevalência em diálise no país aumentaram substancialmente no período, embora haja diferenças consideráveis nas taxas por estado. Tem havido persistente aumento no uso de cateter venoso como acesso para diálise; e redução de pacientes com sorologia positiva para hepatite C.

Brazilian Dialysis Census: analysis of data from the 2009-2018 decade.

INTRODUCTION: National data on chronic dialysis treatment are essential for the development of health policies that aim to improve patient treatment. OBJECTIVE: To present data from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on patients with chronic dialysis for kidney disease in July 2018, making a comparative analysis of the past 10 years. METHODS: Data collection from dialysis units, with filling in an online questionnaire for 2018. Data from 2009, 2013 and 2018 were compared. RESULTS: 288 (36.6%) centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2018, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 133,464. Estimates of the prevalence and incidence rates of patients undergoing dialysis treatment per million of the population (pmp) were 640 and 204, respectively, with average annual increases of 23.5 pmp and 6 pmp for prevalence and incidence, respectively. The annual gross mortality rate was 19.5%. Of the prevalent patients, 92.3% were on hemodialysis and 7.7% on peritoneal dialysis, with 29,545 (22.1%) on the waiting list for transplantation. Median bicarbonate concentration in the hemodialysis bath was 32 mEq/L. Venous catheters were used as access in 23.6% of the hemodialysis patients. The prevalence rate of positive serology for hepatitis C showed a progressive reduction (3.2%). CONCLUSION: The absolute number of patients and rates of incidence and prevalence in dialysis in the country increased substantially in the period, although there are considerable differences in rates by state. There has been a persistent increase in the use of venous catheters as an access for dialysis; and reduction in the number of patients with positive serology for hepatitis C.

Quality of life and spirituality of patients with chronic kidney disease: pre- and post-transplant analysis / Calidad de vida y espiritualidad de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica: análisis pre y posterior al trasplant / Qualidade de vida e espiritualidade de pacientes com doença renal crônica: análise pré e pós-transplante

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the quality of life (QoL) of patients under dialysis and after kidney transplant; correlate the QoL of transplant patients to sociodemographic, morbid and spirituality/religiosity variables. Method: prospective study with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 27 patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis or dialysis undergoing kidney transplant. QoL and spirituality were assessed by the KDQOL-SF and WHOQOL-SRPB tools, being correlated with sociodemographic and economic variables. Results: the dimensions of total mental component, kidney disease effects and kidney disease burden showed significant improvement in the post-transplant period, with p <0.0004. There was a significant correlation between four dimensions of spirituality and seven dimensions of QoL; p ranged from 0.04 to 0.006. Conclusion: there was a significant improvement in QoL in the post-transplant period. The dimensions of spirituality: wholeness and integration, spiritual connection, wonder and inner peace were positively correlated with seven dimensions of QoL.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la calidad de vida (CV) de pacientes renales en diálisis y después de um trasplante de riñón; correlacionan la CV de los pacientes trasplantados con las variables sociodemográficas, mórbidas y de espiritualidad/religiosidad. Método: estudio prospectivo con enfoque cuantitativo, con una muestra de 27 pacientes sometidos a diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálises sometidos a trasplante renal. La CV y la espiritualidad fueron evaluadas por los instrumentos KDQOL-SF y WHOQOL-SRPB; ellos se correlacionaron con variables sociodemográficas y económicas. Resultados: las dimensiones totales del componente mental, los efectos de la enfermedad renal y la sobrecarga impuesta por la enfermedad renal mostraron una mejora significativa en el período posterior al trasplante, con p <0,0004. Hubo una correlación significativa entre cuatro dimensiones de espiritualidad y siete dimensiones de la CV; p varió de 0.04 a 0.006. Conclusión: hubo una mejora significativa en la CV en el período posterior al trasplante. Las dimensiones de la espiritualidad: integridad e integración, conexión espiritual, maravilla y paz interior se correlacionaron positivamente con siete dimensiones de la CV.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes renais em diálise e após transplante renal; correlacionar a QV dos pacientes transplantados às variáveis sociodemográficas, mórbidas e de espiritualidade/religiosidade. Método: estudo prospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, com amostra de 27 pacientes que realizavam diálise peritoneal ou hemodiálise, submetidos ao transplante renal. A QV e a espiritualidade foram avaliadas pelos instrumentos KDQOL-SF e WHOQOL-SRPB; foram correlacionadas às variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas. Resultados: as dimensões componente mental total, efeitos da doença renal e sobrecarga imposta pela doença renal apresentaram melhora significativa no período pós-transplante, com p<0,0004. Houve correlação significante entre quatro dimensões da espiritualidade e sete dimensões da QV; p variou de 0,04 a 0,006. Conclusão: houve melhora significativa da QV no período pós-transplante. As dimensões da espiritualidade: totalidade e integração, conexão espiritual, admiração e paz interior apresentaram correlação positiva com sete dimensões da QV.

Prevenção da doença renal crônica em idosos

Este recurso educacional integra o conjunto de objetos autoinstrucionais ofertados pela UNA-SUS/UFMA na área temática de Nefrologia. Trata-se de um e-book que descreve as alterações no rim do ponto de vista anatômico e funcional, além de discutir o significado clínico das alterações e o diagnóstico da DRC no idoso. Desta forma, visa-se promover a compreensão sobre os principais fatores de risco para DRC e as medidas para sua prevenção nessa faixa etária. Além deste, há mais 31 e-books tratando sobre diversas questões relacionadas à Nefrologia. Todos eles fornecem conteúdos interessantes para a formação dos profissionais da saúde que atuam no SUS e dos acadêmicos da área.

Estratégias de Prevenção às DRC nos pacientes do grupo de risco

Este recurso educacional integra o conjunto de objetos na área temática de Nefrologia, ofertados pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Trata-se de um recurso autoinstrucional, com carga horária sugerida de 30 horas. O curso é composto por 4 unidades educacionais com o objetivo de capacitar os profissionais da saúde que atuam ou que pretendem atuar na Atenção Básica. São abordados temas como a prevenção da doença renal crônica na população em geral e nos diferentes grupos de risco; as estratégias para retardar a progressão entre portadores de nefropatia diabética e nefroesclerose hipertensiva; e as principais causas de alterações renais que acometem crianças e idosos.

Educational nursing intervention to reduce the hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis. / Intervenção educacional de enfermagem para redução da hiperfosfatemia em pacientes em hemodiálise.

OBJECTIVE:: to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational nursing intervention to reduce hyperphosphataemia in chronic renal patients on hemodialysis. METHOD:: quasi-experimental study with 63 hyperphosphatemic patients on hemodialysis. The intervention consisted of developing and providing a printed and illustrated manual to patients containing information on disease control. The participant was asked to complete a daily checklist with the aim to reinforce aspects provided in the manual. Laboratory tests and itching intensity were analyzed at the beginning of the study, and at 30 and 60 days after the educational intervention. RESULTS:: the mean age of participants was 58±13.1 years, with a treatment time of 51.1±44.7 months. A reduction in serum phosphorus values of 7.06 ± 1.43 to 5.80 ± 1.53 (p <0.001) and the intensity of itching after the intervention was observed. CONCLUSION:: the educational nursing intervention was effective in reducing phosphate and decreasing itching in hyperphosphatemic patients.

Intervenção educacional de enfermagem para redução da hiperfosfatemia em pacientes em hemodiálise / Intervención educativa de enfermería para reducir hiperfosfatemia en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Educational nursing intervention to reduce the hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção educacional de enfermagem para redução da hiperfosfatemia em pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise. Método: estudo quase experimental realizado com 63 pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos em hemodiálise. A intervenção se constituiu em orientar e disponibilizar um manual impresso e ilustrado aos pacientes, contendo informações sobre o controle da doença. Foi solicitado o preenchimento de um checklist diário, com finalidade recordatória dos aspectos abordados no manual. Os exames laboratoriais e a intensidade do prurido foram analisados no início do estudo, aos 30 e 60 dias após a intervenção educacional. Resultados: a média de idade dos participantes foi 58±13,1 anos e tempo de tratamento de 51,1±44,7 meses. Houve redução dos valores séricos do fósforo de 7,06±1,43 para 5,80±1,53 (p<0,001) e da intensidade do prurido após a intervenção. Conclusão: a Intervenção Educacional de Enfermagem foi efetiva para redução do fosfato e diminuição do prurido nos pacientes hiperfosfatêmicos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de una intervención educativa de enfermería para reducir hiperfosfatemia en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental con 63 pacientes en hemodiálisis con hiperfosfatemia. La intervención consistió en guiar los pacientes y proporcionar un manual impreso e ilustrado con informaciones sobre el control de la enfermedad. Se solicitó completar una lista de verificación todos los días con el propósito de recordar los aspectos tratados en el manual. Se analizaron las pruebas de laboratorio y la intensidad del picor al inicio del estudio, 30 y 60 días después de la intervención educativa. Resultados: la edad promedio de los participantes fue 58±13,1 años y el tiempo de tratamiento fue 51,1±44,7 meses. Hubo reducción de los valores séricos de fósforo de 7,06±1,43 para 5,80±1,53 (p<0,001) y de la intensidad del picor después de la intervención. Conclusión: la intervención educativa de enfermería fue eficaz en la reducción de fosfato y disminución del picor en pacientes con hiperfosfatemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational nursing intervention to reduce hyperphosphataemia in chronic renal patients on hemodialysis. Method: quasi-experimental study with 63 hyperphosphatemic patients on hemodialysis. The intervention consisted of developing and providing a printed and illustrated manual to patients containing information on disease control. The participant was asked to complete a daily checklist with the aim to reinforce aspects provided in the manual. Laboratory tests and itching intensity were analyzed at the beginning of the study, and at 30 and 60 days after the educational intervention. Results: the mean age of participants was 58±13.1 years, with a treatment time of 51.1±44.7 months. A reduction in serum phosphorus values of 7.06 ± 1.43 to 5.80 ± 1.53 (p <0.001) and the intensity of itching after the intervention was observed. Conclusion: the educational nursing intervention was effective in reducing phosphate and decreasing itching in hyperphosphatemic patients.

Prevenção às doenças renais

Curso autoinstrucional, composto por 4 unidades, que descrevem as estratégias de prevenção da doença renal na população em geral e nos diferentes grupos de risco. O diagnóstico e controle da nefropatia diabética e nefroesclerose hipertensiva, os fatores de risco para DRC e as medidas para sua prevenção, além das orientações nutricionais, a fim de prevenir a doença renal crônica também são abordadas nas unidades. Faz-se também a identificação dos principais grupos de alimentos indicados e contraindicados para a nutrição de portadores de DRC. Este recurso educacional integra o conjunto de objetos na área temática de Nefrologia, ofertados pela UNA-SUS/UFMA

Prevenção da doença renal crônica em idosos

Texto que compõe a unidade 4 do módulo "Prevenção às doenças renais" do Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar, produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Aborda a prevenção da Doença Renal Crônica em idosos, o diagnóstico e as alterações normais da idade, baseado na estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular e na albuminúria.

[Chronic dialysis in Brazil: report of the Brazilian dialysis census, 2011].

INTRODUCTION: National data on maintenance dialysis are important for treatment planning. AIM: To describe the results of the dialysis census of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology for 2011 and observed trends from 2000 to 2011. METHODS: A survey was conducted using questionnaire filled online by the dialysis units, with July as reference month for estimates. From a total of 645 units, 353 (54.9%) responded to the survey. RESULTS: The estimated number of patients on dialysis in Brazil was 91,314 in 2011 (42,629 in 2010; 92,091 in 2011). For approximately 85% of the patients the treatment was provided by the Brazilian Unified Health Care System. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates in 2011 were 475 and 149 maintenance dialysis patients per million population, respectively. For prevalent patients, 90.6% were on hemodialysis, 31.5% 65 years of age or older, 28% diabetic and 35.5% (n=32,454) on waiting list for transplantation in 2011. The estimated number of patients starting dialysis in 2011 was 28,680 (18,972 in 2010) and annual mortality rate 19.9% (17.9% in 2010). CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate pronounced increase in the dialysis population across the years in Brazil with a trend for stabilization in the last two years. The reason for the increase in incidence and mortality in 2011 deserves investigation. A large number of patients were on waiting list for renal transplantation. By providing a picture of the situation and trends on maintenance dialysis treatment in Brazil the census is useful to guide resources allocation and interventions to improve treatment quality.

Diálise Crônica no Brasil - Relatório do Censo Brasileiro de Diálise, 2011 / Chronic Dialysis in Brazil - Report of the Brazilian Dialysis Census, 2011

INTRODUÇÃO: Dados nacionais sobre diálise crônica são fundamentais para o planejamento do tratamento. OBJETIVO: Descrever resultados do censo de diálise da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia referentes a 2011 e tendências observadas de 2000 a 2011. MÉTODOS: Levantamento utilizando questionário preenchido "on-line" pelas unidades de diálise do Brasil usando julho de 2011 como referência para estimativas. Do total de 643 unidades com programa dialítico crônico, 353 (54,9%) responderam. RESULTADOS: O número estimado de pacientes em diálise no Brasil em 2011 foi 91.314 (42.629 em 2000, 92.091 em 2010). Para aproximadamente 85% dos pacientes, o tratamento foi pago com recursos do SUS. As estimativas de prevalência e incidência para 2011 foram de 475 e 149 pacientes em diálise por milhão da população, respectivamente. Entre prevalentes, 90,6% estavam em hemodiálise, 31,5% tinham idade > 65 anos, 28% eram diabéticos, e 35,5% (n=32.454) estavam em fila de espera para transplante. Para 2011, o número estimado de pacientes iniciando diálise foi 28.680 (18.972 em 2010) e a taxa anual de mortalidade 19,9% (17,9% para 2010). CONCLUSÕES: Os dados indicam aumento pronunciado da população em diálise no Brasil ao longo dos anos, com tendência a estabilização nos dois últimos anos. As razões para aumento da incidência e mortalidade em 2011 merecem investigação. É grande o número estimado de pacientes em fila de espera para transplante renal. O censo fornece um quadro da situação e tendências da diálise no Brasil, sendo, portanto, útil para orientar alocação de recursos e intervenções que melhorarem a qualidade do tratamento.

INTRODUCTION: National data on maintenance dialysis are important for treatment planning. AIM: To describe the results of the dialysis census of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology for 2011 and observed trends from 2000 to 2011. METHODS: A survey was conducted using questionnaire filled online by the dialysis units, with July as reference month for estimates. From a total of 645 units, 353 (54.9%) responded to the survey. RESULTS: The estimated number of patients on dialysis in Brazil was 91,314 in 2011 (42,629 in 2010; 92,091 in 2011). For approximately 85% of the patients the treatment was provided by the Brazilian Unified Health Care System. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates in 2011 were 475 and 149 maintenance dialysis patients per million population, respectively. For prevalent patients, 90.6% were on hemodialysis, 31.5% 65 years of age or older, 28% diabetic and 35.5% (n=32,454) on waiting list for transplantation in 2011. The estimated number of patients starting dialysis in 2011 was 28,680 (18,972 in 2010) and annual mortality rate 19.9% (17.9% in 2010). CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate pronounced increase in the dialysis population across the years in Brazil with a trend for stabilization in the last two years. The reason for the increase in incidence and mortality in 2011 deserves investigation. A large number of patients were on waiting list for renal transplantation. By providing a picture of the situation and trends on maintenance dialysis treatment in Brazil the census is useful to guide resources allocation and interventions to improve treatment quality.

Quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease.

AIM: To compare the dimensions of quality of life in the stages of chronic kidney disease and the influence of sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data. INTRODUCTION: The information available on the quality of life of patients on conservative treatment and the relationship between the quality of life and glomerular filtration rate is limited. METHODS: 155 patients in stages 1-5 of chronic kidney disease and 36 in hemodialysis were studied. Quality of life was rated by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-Item (SF-36) and functional status by the Karnofsky Performance Scale. Clinical, laboratory and sociodemographic variables were investigated. RESULTS: Quality of life decreased in all stages of kidney disease. A reduction in physical functioning, physical role functioning and in the physical component summary was observed progressively in the different stages of kidney disease. Individuals with higher educational level who were professionally active displayed higher physical component summary values, whereas men and those with a higher income presented better mental component summary values. Older patients performed worse on the physical component summary and better on the mental component summary. Hemoglobin levels correlated with higher physical component summary values and the Karnofsky scale. Three or more comorbidities had an impact on the physical dimension. CONCLUSION: Quality of life is decreased in renal patients in the early stages of disease. No association was detected between the stages of the disease and the quality of life. It was possible to establish sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory risk factors for a worse quality of life in this population.