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1.
Altern Lab Anim ; 51(4): 224-248, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37377062

RESUMO

Animal testing has been prohibited for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients or finished products. Thus, alternative non-animal methods, followed by confirmatory clinical studies on human volunteers, should be used as the sole legally acceptable approach within the EU. The safety assessment of cosmetic products requires the involvement of multiple scientific disciplines, including analytical chemistry and biomedicine, as well as in chemico, in vitro and in silico toxicology. Recent data suggest that fragrance components may exert multiple adverse biological effects, e.g. cytotoxicity, skin sensitisation, (photo)genotoxicity, mutagenicity, reprotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted with selected samples of fragrance-based products, such as deodorant, eau de toilette and eau de parfum, with the aim of integrating results from a number of alternative non-animal methods suitable for the detection of the following toxicological endpoints: cytotoxicity (with 3T3 Balb/c fibroblasts); skin sensitisation potential (in chemico method, DPRA); skin sensitisation potential (LuSens in vitro method, based on human keratinocytes); genotoxicity potential (in vitro Comet assay with 3T3 Balb/c cells); and endocrine disruption (in vitro YES/YAS assay). The presence of twenty-four specific known allergens in the products was determined by using GC-MS/MS. The strategies for estimation of the NOAEL of a mixture of allergens, which were proposed by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products in their 'Opinion on Tea tree oil' document and by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority in their 'Risk Profile of Tea tree oil' report, were used as models for the NOAEL estimation of the mixtures of allergens that were identified in the individual samples tested in this study.


Assuntos
Cosméticos , Perfumes , Óleo de Melaleuca , Animais , Humanos , Perfumes/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Projetos Piloto , Cosméticos/toxicidade , Alérgenos/toxicidade , Alérgenos/análise
2.
J Agric Food Chem ; 67(39): 10968-10976, 2019 Oct 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31487165

RESUMO

Food contact materials (FCMs) may release their chemical components into food and thus raise safety concerns. This paper attempted to study the presence of four major groups of FCM-related endocrine disruptors in fatty food: dialkyl phthalates, bisphenols, printing ink photoinitiators, and polyfluoroalkyl substances. All 41 target compounds were analyzed simultaneously by means of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The sample preparation was significantly streamlined to reduce analysis costs by employing acetonitrile extraction, extract modification by water, and refrigeration at 5 °C. The new method was validated and applied to 60 real samples, including edible oils, butter, and chocolate, where 16 target compounds were measured at levels ≤13000 ng/g. The study also described the blank level increase and sensitivity loss caused by impurities present in the HPLC methanol solvent.


Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Compostos Benzidrílicos/análise , Fenóis/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise
3.
Toxicol In Vitro ; 59: 26-34, 2019 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30951805

RESUMO

The study was focused on assessment of potential health risks of paper-based food contact materials (FCMs) in a step-wise approach using three toxicological bioassays in vitro and chemical analyses of migrating contaminants. 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test showed high sensitivity to detect basal toxicity of FCMs extracts and served as a first-line test for selection of samples for further testing. The reconstructed human intestine model EpiIntestinal showed more realistic tissue response than cell culture monolayer and higher resistance despite prolonged exposure to the selected 6 samples, i.e. negligible decrease of viability and intestinal penetration, nevertheless an increase of IL-8 after exposure to black printed sample extract. Yeast based assays identified weak agonistic/antagonostic activity to human androgen receptor of the black printed sample. In accordance with the biological effects, the targeted LC and GC analytical methods confirmed the presence of high amounts of phthalates, photoinitiators and PAHs that could justify the hazard of the black printed sample. Heavily printed uncoated FCMs are recognized not to be suitable for direct contact with food. The selected bioassays and chemical analyses might be useful tools to detect targeted biological effects of xenobiotics suspected to contribute to human exposure from food.


Assuntos
Embalagem de Alimentos , Papel , Animais , Células 3T3 BALB , Bioensaio , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Absorção Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Camundongos , Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidade , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidade , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Medição de Risco , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética
4.
J Chromatogr A ; 1456: 196-204, 2016 Jul 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27318508

RESUMO

Worldwide production of phthalates has led to their undesirable presence in the food chain. Particularly edible oils have become an area of growing concern owing to numerous reported occurrences of phthalates. The analytical methods used in this field face difficulties associated mainly with matrix complexity or phthalate contamination which this study has aimed to describe and resolve. The proposed procedure consisting of liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry allowed us to analyze simultaneously 6 individual phthalates and 2 phthalate isomeric mixtures. DSC-18 SPE phase was selected for cleanup owing to the most efficient co-extract removal (assessed using high resolution mass spectrometry). Several sources of phthalate contamination were identified, however, the mobile phase was the most serious. The key improvement was achieved by equipping a contamination trap, a 50-mm reverse phase HPLC column, generating a delay between target and mobile phase peaks of the same compounds. RSDs ranging between 2.4 and 16 % confirm good precision and LOQs between 5.5 and 110µgkg(-1) reflect satisfactory blank management. With up to 19 occurrences in 25 analyzed edible oil samples and levels up to 33mgkg(-1), bis(2-ethylhexyl), diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates were the most important contaminants.


Assuntos
Ácidos Ftálicos/análise , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Isomerismo , Extração Líquido-Líquido , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Extração em Fase Sólida/instrumentação , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/instrumentação , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos
5.
Chemosphere ; 87(5): 463-9, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22225703

RESUMO

A method employing solid phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative chemical ionization has been developed for determination of ultratrace concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in river water. The effects of the experimental parameters, such as the pH, additions of NaCl and an ion-pairing agent (tetraethylammonium bromide) and the kind of the elution agent, on the efficiency of the test acid extraction have been studied. The analyte extraction recoveries and the limits of detection and determination have been found. The method developed has been tested on determinations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in the waters of the two largest Czech rivers, Vltava and Labe (Elbe). The best extraction results have been attained without any alteration of the sample pH, with an addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide (a concentration of 50 µg mL(-1) in the sample) and using methanol as the elution agent. Under these conditions, the recoveries of the test acids in the spiked real samples are within ranges from 60% to 104% and 53% to 111% for analyte concentration levels of 1.40 ng mL(-1) and 0.14 ng mL(-1), respectively, depending on the lengths of the perfluorinated chains of the acids. In general, the recovery decreases with increasing length of this chain. The method developed exhibits very low limits of detection and determination and the results are fully comparable with those obtained when using more expensive HPLC-MS/MS instrumentation. Typical values amount to tenths to tens of pg mL(-1) and units to one hundred pg mL(-1) for the limits of detection and determination, respectively; the measuring sensitivity increases with increasing length of the analyte chain. The analyzes of real samples from the Vltava and Elbe rivers have demonstrated that the results obtained are similar to the values published for contamination of the Elbe and other rivers in western and central Europe. The concentrations determined are of the order of units to tens of pg mL(-1) and the C(8)-C(10) acids occur most often.


Assuntos
Ácidos Carboxílicos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Fluorocarbonos/análise , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , República Tcheca , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Extração em Fase Sólida , Poluição Química da Água/estatística & dados numéricos
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