Plasma pyrolysis feasibility study of Spent Caustic waste to hydrogen production.

Spent caustic is a used industrial caustic whose chemical content puts it in the special waste category. The disposal of this waste and the production of value-added products from it has attracted the attention of researchers not only to solve environmental problems but also to take advantage of its byproducts. This research has experimentally proved the transferred thermal plasma technology as a practical method feasible for the disposal of spent caustic. In this study, the applied voltage, electrical current, and feed rate are variable parameters, and others are kept constant. GC analysis showed H2 as the main product, which is environmentally beneficial. The percentage of hydrogen production of approximately 74% is a promising result, considering the difficulty of achieving such a high percentage of hydrogen.

Evaluation and comparison of the efficacy and safety of the combination of topical phenytoin and microneedling with microneedling alone in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: A controlled blinded randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Severe acne breakouts often lead to atrophic acne scars, which affect millions of people worldwide and can significantly affect a person's self-confidence and self-image. Given the difficulty in treating atrophic acne scars, this study aims to investigate the efficacy of topical phenytoin in the treatment of atrophic acne scars. METHOD: This split face clinical trial on 25 patients between the ages of 18 and 40 involved the application of microneedling on one side of the face, with three sessions taking place over the course of a month. On the other side, a 1% phenytoin cream was administered three times daily for 1 week following the microneedling procedure. Baseline information was collected for all patients, and follow-up assessments were conducted during the treatment sessions and 2 months after the last session. The assessments included evaluating the number and area of pores and spots, determining scar severity, assessing patient satisfaction, and recording any potential complications. RESULTS: Among patients, 20 individuals (80%) were females, and the average age of the participants was 35.96 ± 9.23. In terms of the fine pore area, despite the fine pore count, both groups showed improvement over time (p: 0.03 vs. 0.06). Also, regarding large pore count and area, and the count and area of spots, both groups showed improvement over time (p: 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). On the other hand, when it comes to acne scar grade and patients' satisfaction, the phenytoin group outperformed the control group in all follow-up sessions and this difference was found to be significant (p: 0.001). It is worth noting that no complications were observed among any of the patients. CONCLUSION: It appears that combining phenytoin cream with microneedling has a more effective therapeutic outcome in enhancing atrophic acne scars, when compared to microneedling alone, and this method can be regarded as a viable alternative in treating these types of scars.

Sustainability assessment of water management at river basin level: Concept, methodology and application.

A practical approach for understanding and monitoring the sustainability of a river basin as a complex socio-hydrological system is to co-develop an indicator-based assessment framework with the help of the major stakeholders. This study defines the concept of Sustainability Assessment (SA) in the context of water management at basin level. A step-by-step methodology is proposed and further applied for developing indicator-based SA framework in the complex and overexploited Mashhad Basin in Iran. The methodology is based on a participatory approach that includes forming an expert panel of basin stakeholders, co-creating goals and objectives, identifying and screening indicators, and shaping the final SA framework. We identify 332 potential indicators from existing literature. Using selection criteria and two-round of fuzzy Delphi method, we adapt 25 fit-for-purpose indicators relevant to sustainable water management in Mashhad Basin. Subsequently, a SA framework is developed by categorizing final indicators into four main components (Technical, Environmental, Economic and Social) and ten subcomponents to provide better links and insights of the basin water management practices between different groups of stakeholders. Finally, using a weighting scheme through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a sustainability index is constructed by aggregating the indicators. The results indicate that Mashhad Basin is in a critical unsustainable condition with a sustainability index at 0.34 out of 1. Analysis of the relative importance of the adapted indicators shows that the top-four ranked indicators (including water productivity, access to safe drinking water, renewable groundwater dependency and water pollution) have almost 40% contribution to the basin sustainability index. Such indicator-based SA framework can support identification and analysis of major sustainability trade-offs. Additionally, it can provide an effective tool for achieving water-related targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We therefore highly encourage further development of indicator-based SA frameworks in the context of water management at basin level.

A Comprehensive Review on the Applications of Exosomes and Liposomes in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering.

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are generally concerned with reconstructing cells, tissues, or organs to restore typical biological characteristics. Liposomes are round vesicles with a hydrophilic center and bilayers of amphiphiles which are the most influential family of nanomedicine. Liposomes have extensive research, engineering, and medicine uses, particularly in a drug delivery system, genes, and vaccines for treatments. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry various biomolecular cargos such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. As exosomal cargo changes with adjustments in parent cells and position, research of exosomal cargo constituents provides a rare chance for sicknesses prognosis and care. Exosomes have a more substantial degree of bioactivity and immunogenicity than liposomes as they are distinctly chiefly formed by cells, which improves their steadiness in the bloodstream, and enhances their absorption potential and medicinal effectiveness in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the crucial challenges of exosome and liposome science and their functions in disease improvement and therapeutic applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies are prominently highlighted.

Decomposition of high concentration benzene (produced in paper and painting industries) and its byproducts, methane and carbon dioxide, using plate gliding arc.

High concentration benzene production in paper and painting industries is a restrictive problem in production line of companies. In this study, removal of high concentrated benzene produced in painting companies was investigated using a Plate Gliding Arc (PGA) reactor. Decomposition of methane and carbon dioxide as the most predominate byproducts of benzene decomposition was also studied using (PGA) reactor. The effect of several parameters such as input power, feed gas flow rate, type of carrier gas, and [CH4/CO2] flow ratio was studied by two series of experiments. The results show significant conversion (>70%) of high concentration benzene (74000ppm) without using any catalyst. Selectivity of CO2 and CO was 88% and 10% respectively showing complete oxidation of benzene. The maximum conversion of CH4 and CO2 reached 52% and 69%, respectively by using optimum ratio of 3:4. The main results of this study proved removal of high concentration benzene using a low-energy-density reactor. Furthermore, an optimum value for efficient conversion of methane and carbon dioxide was achieved and the energy density of the PGA reactor was evaluated, which shows a good promise for industrial applications.

The effect of superoxide dismutase mimetic and catalase on the quality of postthawed goat semen.

Manganese(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin chloride (MnTE) is a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic agent which can convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Supplementation of MnTE to a commercial semen extender can protect sperm from superoxide but not H2O2. Therefore, we proposed that addition of catalase (0.0, 200, or 400 IU/mL) in combination with MnTE (0.1 µM) may further improve the cryopreservation efficiency of goat semen in commercially optimized freezing media such as Andromed. Therefore, ejaculates were obtained from three adult bucks twice a week during the breeding season and diluted with Andromed supplemented with or without MnTE and catalase and were frozen in liquid nitrogen. Sperm parameters and reactive oxygen species contents were evaluated 2 hours after dilution (before freezing) and after freezing/thawing. The results revealed that all the treatments significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity after freezing and reduced reactive oxygen species content compared with the control group, but maximum improvement was obtained in MnTE + 400 IU/mL catalase. In addition, supplementation with these antioxidants significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increases the cleavage rate after IVF. In conclusion, the results of present study suggest that addition of antioxidant MnTE or catalase to commercial optimized media, such as Andromed, improves total motility, membrane integrity, and viability of goat semen samples after thawing. But the degree of improvement for these parameters significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher when MnTE and catalase were simultaneously added to the cryopreservation media.