A bird's-eye overview of molecular mechanisms regulating feed intake in chickens-with mammalian comparisons.

In recent decades, a lot of research has been conducted to explore poultry feeding behavior. However, up to now, the processes behind poultry feeding behavior remain poorly understood. The review generalizes modern expertise about the hormonal regulation of feeding behavior in chickens, focusing on signaling pathways mediated by insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and regulatory pathways with a cross-reference to mammals. This overview also summarizes state-of-the-art research devoted to hypothalamic neuropeptides that control feed intake and are prime candidates for predictors of feeding efficiency. Comparative analysis of the signaling pathways that mediate the feed intake regulation allowed us to conclude that there are major differences in the processes by which hormones influence specific neuropeptides and their contrasting roles in feed intake control between two vertebrate clades.

Expanded expression of pro-neurogenic factor SoxB1 during larval development of gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis suggests preadaptation to prolonged neurogenesis in Mollusca.

Introduction: The remarkable diversity observed in the structure and development of the molluscan nervous system raises intriguing questions regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in Mollusca. The expression of SoxB family transcription factors plays a pivotal role in neuronal development, thereby offering valuable insights into the strategies of neurogenesis. Methods: In this study, we conducted gene expression analysis focusing on SoxB-family transcription factors during early neurogenesis in the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. We employed a combination of hybridization chain reaction in situ hybridization (HCR-ISH), immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, and cell proliferation assays to investigate the spatial and temporal expression patterns of LsSoxB1 and LsSoxB2 from the gastrula stage to hatching, with particular attention to the formation of central ring ganglia. Results: Our investigation reveals that LsSoxB1 demonstrates expanded ectodermal expression from the gastrula to the hatching stage, whereas expression of LsSoxB2 in the ectoderm ceases by the veliger stage. LsSoxB1 is expressed in the ectoderm of the head, foot, and visceral complex, as well as in forming ganglia and sensory cells. Conversely, LsSoxB2 is mostly restricted to the subepithelial layer and forming ganglia cells during metamorphosis. Proliferation assays indicate a uniform distribution of dividing cells in the ectoderm across all developmental stages, suggesting the absence of distinct neurogenic zones with increased proliferation in gastropods. Discussion: Our findings reveal a spatially and temporally extended pattern of SoxB1 expression in a gastropod representative compared to other lophotrochozoan species. This prolonged and widespread expression of SoxB genes may be interpreted as a form of transcriptional neoteny, representing a preadaptation to prolonged neurogenesis. Consequently, it could contribute to the diversification of nervous systems in gastropods and lead to an increase in the complexity of the central nervous system in Mollusca.

The recognition of three novel HLA-A alleles: HLA-A*02:1041Q, -A*02:1042, and -A*02:1043.

Three novel HLA-A alleles HLA-A*02:1041Q, -A*02:1042, and -A*02:1043 alleles detected during routine next generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-C*12:392 allele was identified in four unrelated bone marrow donors.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 83 of HLA-С*12:02:02:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-C*12:392.

Detection of the novel HLA-A*02:01:216 allele in a Russian individual.

HLA-A*02:01:216 has one nucleotide change from A*02:01:01:01 in codon 335.

The novel HLA-A*74:46 allele detected in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donor.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 67 of HLA-A*74:41 results in the novel allele, HLA-A*74:46.

Discovery of the novel HLA-A*33:256 allele, a variant of HLA-A*33:03:01:01, by next-generation sequencing.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 280 of HLA-A*33:03:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-A*33:256.

Detection of the novel HLA-A*29:183 allele in a Russian individual.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 211 of HLA-A*29:01:01:01 results in the novel HLA-A*29:183 allele.

Identification of the novel HLA-DRB1 allele, DRB1*13:342 by next-generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-DRB1*13:342 allele was characterized using next generation sequencing technology.

Two novel HLA-B variants identified in Russian individuals, HLA-B*37:108 and -B*38:108.

HLA-B*37:108 and -B*38:108, two novel alleles detected in Russian individuals by next generation sequencing.

Detection of the novel HLA-DQB1*06:474 allele in a Russian individual.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 152 of HLA-DQB1*06:03:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA-DQB1*06:474.

The novel HLA-B*49:81 allele characterized by next-generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-B*49:81 allele differs by one nucleotide change from HLA-B*49:01:01.

Identification of three novel HLA-A*24 alleles by next generation sequencing.

Three novel A*24:614, A*24:615, and A*24:616 alleles detected in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donors.

Two novel HLA-A variants identified in Russian individuals, HLA-A*02:01:215 and -A*32:151:02.

HLA-A*02:01:215 and -A*32:151:02, two novel alleles detected in Russian individuals by next generation sequencing.

Discovery of the novel HLA-A*11:454 allele, a variant of HLA-A*11:01:01:01, in a Russian individual.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 270 of HLA-A*11:01:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-A*11:454.

Discovery of the novel HLA-B*39:198 allele, a variant of HLA-B*39:01:01, in a Russian individual.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 336 of HLA-B*39:01:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA- B*39:198.

Discovery of the novel HLA-C*12:386 allele, a variant of HLA-C*12:03:01, in a Russian individual.

One nucleotide substitution in codon 281 of HLA-C*12:03:01:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-C*12:386.

Identification of the novel HLA-A allele, HLA-A*03:01:120, by next-generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-A*03:01:120 allele was characterized using next generation sequencing technology.

Recognition of the novel HLA-A*24:602 allele detected in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donor.

The novel HLA-A*24:602 allele differs by one nucleotide change from HLA-A*24:02:01:01.

Characterization of the novel HLA-DQB1 allele, DQB1*05:323 by next-generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-DQB1*05:323 allele was characterized using next generation sequencing technology.