Deep learning image segmentation approaches for malignant bone lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Image segmentation is an important process for quantifying characteristics of malignant bone lesions, but this task is challenging and laborious for radiologists. Deep learning has shown promise in automating image segmentation in radiology, including for malignant bone lesions. The purpose of this review is to investigate deep learning-based image segmentation methods for malignant bone lesions on Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Positron-Emission Tomography/CT (PET/CT). Method: The literature search of deep learning-based image segmentation of malignant bony lesions on CT and MRI was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases following the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of 41 original articles published between February 2017 and March 2023 were included in the review. Results: The majority of papers studied MRI, followed by CT, PET/CT, and PET/MRI. There was relatively even distribution of papers studying primary vs. secondary malignancies, as well as utilizing 3-dimensional vs. 2-dimensional data. Many papers utilize custom built models as a modification or variation of U-Net. The most common metric for evaluation was the dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Most models achieved a DSC above 0.6, with medians for all imaging modalities between 0.85-0.9. Discussion: Deep learning methods show promising ability to segment malignant osseous lesions on CT, MRI, and PET/CT. Some strategies which are commonly applied to help improve performance include data augmentation, utilization of large public datasets, preprocessing including denoising and cropping, and U-Net architecture modification. Future directions include overcoming dataset and annotation homogeneity and generalizing for clinical applicability.

Rare case of multiple neurofibromas of the scalp and trunk in association with intradural extramedullary spinal tumor: a case report.

Neurofibromas are tumors of neural connective tissue composed of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. They can occur anywhere in the body, primarily as a solitary mass or as a component of neurofibromatosis. Only 1/4 of the intradural extramedullary spinal tumors are neurofibromas. While most of the neurofibromas are asymptomatic, the authors report a patient with symptomatic multiple neurofibromas of the scalp and trunk that lacked the salient features of neurofibromatosis-1. Case presentation: A 63-year-old male from Saptari, Nepal, with multiple insidious swellings in the scalp and trunk region, presented with complaints of weakness of the bilateral lower limb for 6-7 years resulting in difficulties in walking and bleeding from the most significant swelling that was in the occipital area. Clinical findings and investigations: Masses were present all over the scalp, averaging about 4×4 cm, with active bleeding from the two swellings. The authors performed the neurological assessment and histopathological and radiological investigations. Interventions and outcomes: A confirmed diagnosis of neurofibroma was made with myelography revealing an intradural extramedullary spinal tumor. A laminectomy with total excision of the tumor was performed. Relevance and impact: Meningiomas and nerve sheath tumors (schwannomas and neurofibromas) can both develop in the intradural extramedullary spinal compartment. Contrast-enhanced MRI is the most sensitive and specific imaging modality to evaluate possible spinal column lesions. Surgical excision, partial or complete, is the hallmark treatment of neurofibroma.

Full-Time Cardiac Intensive Care Unit Staffing by Heart Failure Specialists and its Association with Mortality Rates.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac intensive care units (CICUs) serve medically complex patients with multiorgan dysfunction. Whether a CICU that is staffed full time by heart failure (HF) specialists is associated with decreased mortality is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective review of consecutive CICU admissions from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, was performed. In January 2014, the CICU changed from an open unit staffed by any cardiologist to a closed unit managed by HF specialists. Patients' baseline characteristics were determined, and a multivariate regression analysis was performed to ascertain mortality rates in the CICU. Baseline severity of illness was higher in the closed/HF specialist CICU model (P< 0.001). Death occurred in 101 of 1185 patients admitted to the CICU (8.5%) in the open-unit model and in 139 of 2163 patients (6.4%) admitted to the closed/HF specialist model (absolute risk reduction 2.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.1-4.0%; P = 0.01). The transition from an open to a closed/HF specialist model was associated with a lower overall CICU mortality rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.63; 95% CI 0.43-0.93). Prespecified interaction with a mechanical circulatory support device and unit model showed that treatment with such a device was associated with lower mortality rates in the closed/HF specialist model of a CICU (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.18-0.78; P for interaction <0.01). CONCLUSION: Transition to a closed unit model staffed by a dedicated HF specialist is associated with lower CICU mortality rates.

Buprenorphine Field Initiation of ReScue Treatment by Emergency Medical Services (Bupe FIRST EMS): A Case Series.

The opioid epidemic is currently a leading health crisis in the United States, and evidence supports Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) as the most effective treatment (2). In our EMS system we are observing an ever increasing number of patients who, due to refusing transport after naloxone rescue, represent an access void at the point of overdose. We present a case series to illustrate a new treatment paradigm utilizing front line EMS paramedic units and high dose buprenorphine to treat withdrawal symptoms with next day bridge to long term care. The three patients described are exemplary cases, meant to represent overall characteristics of the intervention prior to complete data collection. Each patient was revived from opioid overdose with naloxone. Paramedics then treated each patient with 16 mg of buprenorphine to relieve and prevent withdrawal symptoms. Patients were provided with outpatient follow up irrespective of ED transport. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first EMS agency in the United States providing MOUD in the prehospital setting at the point of overdose. This innovative program provides EMS with education and tools to promote patient engagement. While still in its infancy, this approach utilizes existing EMS resources to bring MOUD to the prehospital setting, offering a new avenue to long term care. Keywords: Opioid, buprenorphine, emergency medical services, medication assisted therapy, naloxone, overdose.

STEMI Equivalents and Their Incidence during EMS Transport.

Objective: The management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is time-critical, with a focus on early reperfusion to decrease morbidity and mortality. It is imperative that prehospital clinicians recognize STEMI early and initiate transport to hospitals capable of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a door-to-balloon time of ≤90 minutes. Three patterns have been identified as STEMI equivalents that also likely warrant prompt attention and potentially PCI: Wellens syndrome, De Winter T waves, and aVR ST elevation. The goal of our study was to assess the incidence of these findings in prehospital patients presenting with chest pain. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review from a large urban tertiary care emergency department. We reviewed the prehospital ECG, or ECG upon arrival, of 861 patients who were hospitalized and required cardiac catheterization between 4/10/18 and 5/7/19. Patients who had field catheterization lab activation by EMS for STEMI were excluded. If a prehospital ECG was not available for review, the first ECG obtained in the hospital was used as a proxy. Each ECG was screened for aVR elevation, De Winter T waves, and Wellens syndrome. Results: Of 278 charts with prehospital ECGs available, 12 met our criteria for STEMI equivalency (4.4%): 6 Wellens syndrome and 6 aVR STEMI. There were no cases of De Winters T waves. Of 573 charts with no prehospital ECG available, 27 had initial hospital ECGs that met our STEMI equivalent criteria (4.7%): 7 Wellens syndrome and 20 aVR STEMI. Again, there were no cases of De Winters T waves. Conclusions: These preliminary data suggest that there are significant numbers of patients whose prehospital ECG findings do not currently meet criteria for field activation of the cardiac catheterization lab, but who may require prompt catheterization. Further studies are needed to look at outcomes, but these results could support the need for further education of prehospital clinicians regarding recognition of these STEMI equivalents, as well as quality initiatives aimed at decreasing door-to-balloon time for patients with STEMI equivalents.

Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Survival Improves With Multidisciplinary Approach.

BACKGROUND: Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices have revolutionized the management of advanced heart failure. Device complications continue to limit survival, but enhanced management strategies have shown promise. This study compared outcomes for HeartMate II recipients before and after implementation of a multidisciplinary continuous support heart team (HTMCS) strategy. METHODS: Between January 2012 and December 2016, 124 consecutive patients underwent primary HeartMate II implantation at our institution. In January 2015, we instituted a HTMCS approach consisting of (1) daily simultaneous cardiology/cardiac surgery/critical care/pharmacy/coordinator rounds, (2) pharmacist-directed anticoagulation, (3) speed optimization echocardiogram before discharge, (4) comprehensive device thrombosis screening and early intervention, (5) blood pressure clinic with pulsatility-adjusted goals, (6) early follow-up after discharge and individual long-term coordinator/cardiologist assignment, and (7) systematic basic/advanced/expert training and credentialing of ancillary in-hospital providers. All patients completed 1-year of follow-up. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics for pre-HTMCS (n = 71) and HTMCS (n = 53) groups, including age (55.8 ± 12.1 versus 52.5 ± 14.1 years, p = not significant), percentage of men (77.5% versus 71.7%, p = not significant), and Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support class 3 (84.5% versus 83.0%, p = not significant), were comparable. One-year survival was 74.6% versus 100% for the pre-HTMCS and HTMCS groups, respectively (p = 0.0002). One-year survival free of serious adverse events (reoperation to replace device or disabling stroke) was 70.4% versus 84.9% for the pre-HTMCS and HTMCS groups, respectively (p = 0.059). Event per patient-year rates for disabling stroke (0.15 versus 0, p = 0.019), gastrointestinal bleeding (0.87 versus 0.51, p = 0.11), and driveline infection (0.24 versus 0.10, p = 0.18) were lower for the HTMCS group, whereas pump thrombosis requiring device exchange was higher (0.09 versus 0.18, p = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach substantially improved outcomes for recipients of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

Transcatheter Valve-in-Valve Implantation: Failing Tricuspid Bioprosthesis in a Patient with Ebstein’s Anomaly.

Transcatheter valve-in-valve (VIV) implantation has been recently proposed as an alternative to surgical reoperative aortic valve replacement in patients with a failing aortic bioprosthesis. Experience with transcatheter VIV implantation at other valve positions is very limited. Herein is reported the case of an 18-year-old man with Ebstein's anomaly and severe tricuspid valve (TV) regurgitation status after bioprosthetic valve replacement, who developed new dyspnea on exertion three years after the initial valve replacement. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a severely dilated right atrium and new TV stenosis with an immobile leaflet. The patient underwent successful VIV implantation of a 29-mm SAPIEN XT bioprosthetic valve, with resolution of symptoms and no residual TV regurgitation or stenosis at the two-year follow up. Video 1: Degenerative bioprosthetic tricuspid valve. TEE showing the degenerative bioprosthetic tricuspid valve, and color Doppler during systole showing severe tricuspid regurgitation. Video 2: Degenerative bioprosthetic tricuspid valve. Three-dimensional TEE showing stenosis with an immobile leaflet creating a coaptation defect, viewed from the right atrium. Video 3: Transcatheter VIV replacement with a 29-mm Edwards SAPIEN XT deployed within the tricuspid valve prosthesis. Final result after valve implantation, demonstrating a patent valve orifice, and appropriate apposition of transcatheter valve within a pre-existing surgical Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthetic valve, viewed from the right ventricle. Video 4: Transcatheter VIV replacement with a 29-mm Edwards SAPIEN XT deployed within the tricuspid valve prosthesis. Final result after valve implantation, demonstrating a patent valve orifice, and appropriate apposition of transcatheter valve within a pre-existing surgical Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthetic valve, viewed from the right atrium.

Treatment options for the closure of secundum atrial septal defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) are treated by surgical closure (SC) or transcatheter device closure (TCC). Due to a scarcity of data directly comparing these approaches, it remains unclear which is superior. This meta-analysis compares the clinical outcomes of the two treatment options. METHODS: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Google Search, and Cochrane databases for studies directly comparing SC and TCC of ASDs. Outcomes studied were major and minor acute complications, all-cause mortality, residual shunt, reinterventions, and length of stay (LOS). Relative risk (RR), difference in mean (DM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method with a fixed effect model. In cases of heterogeneity (defined as I2>25%), random effect models were used. Sensitivity and meta-regression analyses were performed for each outcome. RESULTS: Of the 1742 manuscripts screened, 26 observational studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria (total n=14,559 patients). TCC was superior to SC for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality (RR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.64-0.99), total complications (RR, 0.48; 95% CI 0.35-0.65), major complications (RR, 0.57; 95% CI 0.40-0.81), minor complications (RR, 0.35; 95% CI 0.23-0.53), and LOS (DM, -2.92; 95% CI -3.25 to (-2.58)). Residual shunts were more common with TCC (RR, 3.35; 95% CI 1.72-6.51). No difference was observed regarding the need of reintervention (RR, 1.45; 95% CI 0.60-3.51). Meta-regression analysis showed that older age increases the risk of death and complications in patients undergoing TCC. CONCLUSIONS: Though both approaches are effective, TCC is associated with lower mortality, complications, and LOS while SC has a lower rate of residual shunting.

Antiplatelet Therapy and Adverse Hematologic Events During Heart Mate II Support.

BACKGROUND: Hematologic adverse events are common during continuous flow left ventricular assist device support; yet, their relation to antiplatelet therapy, including aspirin (ASA) dosing, is uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: A single-center retrospective review of all patients supported by a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (Heart Mate II) from June 2006 to November 2014 was conducted. Patients were categorized into 3 groups: (1) ASA 81 mg+dipyridamole 75 mg daily (n = 26) with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2 to 3 from June 2006 to August 2009; (2) ASA 81 mg daily (n = 18) from September 2009 to August 2011 with a target INR of 1.5 to 2; and (3) ASA 325 mg daily from September 2011 to November 2014 with a target INR of 2 to 3 (n = 70). Hemorrhagic and thrombotic outcomes were retrieved ≤ 365 days after implantation. Cumulative survival free from adverse events was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard ratios were generated. Hemorrhagic events occurred in 6 patients on ASA 81 mg+dipyridamole (26%; 0.42 events per patient year; mean INR at event, 2.2), 4 patients on ASA 81 mg (22%; 0.38 events per patient year; mean INR at event, 2.0), and in 38 patients on ASA 325 mg (54%; 1.4 events per patient year; mean INR at event, 2.2); P = 0.004. Patients on ASA 325 mg had a higher adjusted hazard ratio of 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.0 versus ASA 81 mg+dipyridamole; P = 0.02) and 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-9.5 versus ASA 81 mg; P = 0.02) for hemorrhagic events. Thrombotic events rates were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose ASA in Heart Mate II patients treated concomitantly with warfarin is associated with an increased hazard of bleeding but does not reduce thrombotic events.