Reticular epithelial edema after penetrating keratoplasty in a patient taking netarsudil.

Netarsudil is a relatively new medication for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It has been associated with red eyes and burning after instillation. Reticular epitheliopathy is a relatively rare complication of netarsudil that has been described in patients with preexisting corneal edema. We report the case of a healthy 76-year-old woman who developed reticular epitheliopathy after full-thickness penetrating keratoplasty that completely resolved following discontinuation of the medication. In cases where netarsudil is initiated for treatment of glaucoma or, off-label, endothelial dysfunction, reticular epithelial edema should be considered in patients complaining of a decline in vision and severe pain.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt tube infection and changing pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in neurosurgery practice: Alarming trends.

INTRODUCTION: Infection associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a severe complication with a high morbidity and substantial mortality. There are no guidelines to choose antibiotics in case of shunt infection. Most surgeons use antibiotics of their choice whereas limited centres follow their own antibiotic policy. An alarming increase in antibiotic resistance has led to rising morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery between January 2010 and December 2015 at our institution. Shunt tubes and cerebrospinal fluid were sent for culture and sensitivity in patients who were suspected clinically of having shunt tube infections. The processing of the samples was done by standard techniques, and the identification of the organism along with its sensitivity pattern was performed using Vitek 2 system. RESULTS: A total of 1186 ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgeries were performed during this period at our institute in patients of all age groups. There were 757 (63.8%) male and 429 (36.2%) female patients. A total of 156 samples of patients were sent for culture and sensitivity during this period, out of which 79 (50.6%) samples had growth of an organism either in the cerebrospinal fluid [36 (23.1%)], shunt tubing [16 (10.2%)], or in both [27 (17.3%)]. The most common organisms grown in the cultures were Staphylococcus aureus [65 (82.3%)] or coagulase-negative Staphylococcus [22 (25.3%)] in the Gram-positive group and Escherichia coli [17 (21.5%)] in the Gram-negative group. Over the last 6 years, the sensitivity pattern of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria has shown alarming decreasing sensitivity for various commonly used antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection has become an important concern in cases of hydrocephalus. Due to the development of a high proportion of antibiotic resistance, we recommend an empirical therapy of antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis and suspected infection in ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery.

Preparation and optimization of microemulsion of rosuvastatin calcium.

Due to very less bioavailability (20%) of Rosuvastatin calcium, an attempt was made to develop and optimize microemulsion formulation. Capmul MCM, Tween 20 and PEG 400 were selected as oil, surfactant and cosurfactant respectively as the drug is having higher solubility in them. 3:1% w/w S:CoS was selected as it gave higher microemulsion area. Optimized batch (ME-1) was selected having 5% Capmul MCM, 50% Tween 20:PEG 400 and 45% water based on evaluation parameters globule size, zeta potential, PDI, % transmittance.