Mortality and costs associated with acute kidney injury following major elective, non-cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated postoperative AKI severity and its relation to short- and long-term patient outcomes. DESIGN: A retrospective, single-center cohort study of patients undergoing surgery from January 2015 to May 2020. SETTING: An urban, academic medical center. PATIENTS: Adult patients undergoing elective, non-cardiac surgery at our institution with a postoperative length of stay (LOS) of at least 24 h were included. Patients were included in 1-year mortality analysis if their procedure occurred prior to June 2019. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS: Postoperative AKI was identified and staged using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes definitions. The outcomes analyzed were in-hospital mortality, LOS, total cost of the surgical hospitalization, and 1-year mortality. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 8887 patients studied, 648 (7.3%) had postoperative AKI. AKI was associated with severity-dependent increases in all outcomes studied. Patients with AKI had rates of in-hospital mortality of 2.0%, 3.8%, and 12.5% for stage 1, 2, and 3 AKI compared to 0.3% for patients without AKI. Mean total costs of the surgical hospitalization were $23,896 (SD $23,736) for patients without AKI compared to $33,042 (SD $27,115), $39,133 (SD $34,006), and $73,216 ($82,290) for patients with stage 1, 2, and 3 AKI, respectively. In the 6729 patients who met inclusion for 1-year mortality analysis, AKI was also associated with 1-year mortality rates of 13.9%, 19.4%, and 22.7% compared to 5.2% for patients without AKI. In multivariate models, stage 1 AKI patients still had a higher probability of 1-year mortality (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, p < 0.001) in addition to $4391 of additional costs when compared to patients without AKI (95% CI $2498-$6285, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: All stages of postoperative AKI were associated with increased LOS, surgical hospitalization costs, in-hospital mortality, and 1-year mortality. These findings suggest that patients with even a low-grade or stage 1 AKI are at higher risk for short- and long-term complications.

Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in two patients.

Immune-mediated myocardial injury following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirys-2 (SARS-CoV2) infection has been described in adults and children. Cases of myocarditis following immunization for SARS-CoV2 have recently been documented, mostly associated with mild severity and spontaneous recovery. We herein report two cases of fulminant myocarditis following BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination associated with systemic hyperinflammatory syndrome and refractory shock requiring support with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery, Lean, and claims-based quality databases: how does it all make sense?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthcare is rapidly evolving toward value-focused objectives, integrating outcomes and cost instead of simply volume. Concepts pertaining to Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), Lean, and claims-based risk-adjusted databases can be used to optimize value, but the application of Lean principles and risk-adjusted outcomes is poorly described in perioperative medicine in perioperative medicine. RECENT FINDINGS: Lean management and process optimization tools allow the consistent application of a perioperative medical framework of ERAS to improve outcomes. Vizient risk-stratified outcomes are often used by hospitals to measure and compare quality. SUMMARY: Understanding administrative databases and Lean concepts for change management will allow the perioperative physician to better align medical concepts with health system tools for improving quality and reducing cost.

Longitudinal Competency-Based Point-of-Care Ultrasound Curriculum in Anesthesiology: Description and Initial Experience With PGY1 and PGY2 Trainees.

Point-of-care ultrasound is becoming increasingly utilized in centers throughout the country for use in perioperative regional anesthesia procedures, vascular access, diagnosis, and resuscitation. We propose an educational approach that not only spans the 4-year duration of anesthesia residency but also regularly assesses progress throughout training. We accomplish this through a flipped classroom model, in which the 12 residents in each class participate in online modules for the baseline didactic knowledge, then come to a session where they have the opportunity to work in small groups (1:2-1:3 ratio of faculty to learner) and practice the skills outlined in the modules.

Hydroxocobalamin for the treatment of cardiac surgery-associated vasoplegia: a case series.

PURPOSE: Vasoplegia is a clinical syndrome marked by severe arteriolar vasodilatation, hypotension, and low systemic vascular resistance refractory to multiple vasopressor treatment. We report our experience with hydroxocobalamin (B12) infusion as a potential rescue adjunct for refractory vasoplegia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 33 patients undergoing cardiac surgery between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015, who were given intravenous B12 for refractory hypotension during, or immediately following, CPB. We assessed mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses using semi-parametric group-based models (trajectory analysis). Vasopressor use was evaluated by norepinephrine-equivalent rates calculated five minutes prior, and up to 60 min following, B12 administration. RESULTS: Patients were mostly male (82%), had a mean (SD) age of 53 (13) yr, and median (IQR) EuroSCORE mortality index of 9 [4-40]. Four patterns of MAP responses to B12 were identified. In Group 1 ("poor responders") nine of 33 patients (27%) had the highest median [IQR] mortality risk (EuroSCORE 40 [4-52]), lowest mean pre-B12 MAP (50 mmHg), and minimal hemodynamic response in spite of continued vasopressor support. In contrast, Group 2 "responders" (8/33, 24%) showed a brisk MAP response (> 15 mmHg) to B12, sustained for > 60 min post-infusion, with 50% vasopressor reduction. Groups 3 and 4 had the lowest median mortality risk (EuroSCORE 8) and highest pre-B12 MAP (72 mmHg). Although Group 3 patients ("sustainers"; 9/33, 27%) showed a sustained MAP improvement, those in Group 4 ("rebounders"; 7/33, 21%) were characterized by hypertensive overshoot followed by a decrease in MAP. CONCLUSION: These data indicate considerable heterogeneity in patient response to B12, potentially dependent on both patient preoperative condition and non-standardized time of administration. B12 may provide a useful alternative therapy for refractory hypotension and vasoplegia, but controlled clinical trials to assess efficacy are needed.

Extracorporeal Support During Bilateral Sequential Lung Transplantation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension: Risk Factors and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative predictors of extracorporeal support in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) undergoing bilateral sequential lung transplantation (LTx), and to examine outcomes associated with the use of extracorporeal support. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: Single organ transplantation and tertiary care university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with PH (preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP)≥25 mmHg) who underwent primary bilateral sequential LTx during 2007 to 2013. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 262 patients with PH undergoing LTx, extracorporeal support was initiated intraoperatively in 149 (57%). Preoperative severe right ventricle (RV) dysfunction and moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were associated with extracorporeal support. In the remaining 208 patients without those factors, increasing preoperative oxygen requirement (odds ratio [OR] 1.30 per 1 L/min, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.11-1.52, p = 0.001), presence of RV dilation (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.28-6.02, p = 0.010), and mPAP (OR 1.33 per 5-mmHg increase in mPAP, 95% CI 1.04-1.70, p = 0.021) were associated independently with extracorporeal support in the multivariable model. Analysis of 49 propensity-matched pairs showed longer intensive care unit (5 v 14 days, p = 0.006) and hospital stays (27 v 39 days, p = 0.016) and increased need for tracheostomy (16% v 41%, p = 0.017) in patients exposed to extracorporeal support but no differences in 30-day mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, or dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of RV dysfunction, TR, RV dilatation, increasing oxygen requirement, and increasing mPAP showed significant associations with the need for extracorporeal support during LTX in patients with PH. Extracorporeal support was associated with increased length of stay and tracheostomy but not with mortality or other complications. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Mechanical circulatory support for cardiogenic shock.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a syndrome of progressive depression of myocardial function with systemic hypoperfusion. It occurs due to various aetiologies such as acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, acute decompensated heart failure and postcardiotomy. Cardiogenic shock carries poor prognosis, and medical therapy alone is not effective. Mechanical circulatory support is required to unload the ventricles, decrease the myocardial demand, prevent further injury, improve the coronary perfusion, stabilise the haemodynamics and maintain the end-organ perfusion before definitive interventions such as coronary reperfusion can take place. Currently, there are several methods of mechanical circulatory support. These include extracorporeal life support, paracorporeal or extracorporeal ventricular-assist devices, percutaneous ventricular assist devices, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and total artificial heart. In this review, we discuss the role of each of these circulatory support devices in the management of acute cardiac failure.

Amphiregulin, a TH2 cytokine enhancing resistance to nematodes.

Although type 2 immune responses contribute to allergy and asthma, these responses are essential for clearing intestinal helminth infestations by mechanisms that include increased epithelial shedding. We show that T helper 2 cells (T(H)2), but not other T cell subsets, express amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. EGF receptor ligands directly induce epithelial cell proliferation, and lack of amphiregulin delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris. This newly recognized link between T(H)2 cells and epithelial proliferation should help in planning therapeutic interventions for helminth infections and other diseases that involve both cell proliferation and allergy, such as asthma.

T regulatory and primed uncommitted CD4 T cells express CD73, which suppresses effector CD4 T cells by converting 5'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine.

CD73 (5'-ectonucleotidase) is expressed by two distinct mouse CD4 T cell populations: CD25+ (FoxP3+) T regulatory (Treg) cells that suppress T cell proliferation but do not secrete IL-2, and CD25- uncommitted primed precursor Th (Thpp) cells that secrete IL-2 but do not suppress in standard Treg suppressor assays. CD73 on both Treg and Thpp cells converted extracellular 5'-AMP to adenosine. Adenosine suppressed proliferation and cytokine secretion of Th1 and Th2 effector cells, even when target cells were activated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. This represents an additional suppressive mechanism of Treg cells and a previously unrecognized suppressive activity of Thpp cells. Infiltration of either Treg or Thpp cells at inflammatory sites could potentially convert 5'-AMP generated by neutrophils or dying cells into the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine, thus dampening excessive immune reactions.