Reducing Opioid Use in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery - Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Critical Care Strategies.

Patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery are exposed to opioids in the operating room and intensive care unit and after hospital discharge. Opportunities exist to reduce perioperative opioid use at all stages of care and include alternative oral and intravenous medications, novel intraoperative regional anesthetic techniques, and postoperative opioid-sparing sedative and analgesic strategies. In this review, currently used and investigational strategies to reduce the opioid burden for cardiothoracic surgical patients are explored.