[Hepatocellular carcinoma: new provisions of the WHO classification, 5th edition, 2019]. / Gepatotsellyulyarnaya kartsinoma ­ novye polozheniya klassifikatsii VOZ 2019, 5-e izdanie.

The WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors (WHO, 5th Edition, 2019) presents new provisions on the morphological, molecular genetic, and therapeutic aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This classification versus the 2010 edition underwent substantial changes. Undifferentiated carcinoma (ICD-0: 8020/3) was excluded. The TNM staging system introduces additional gradations. Based on new evidence, HCC types and subtypes (scirrhous, clear cell, steatohepatic, and others) were identified depending on gene mutations according to ICD-11. The classification changes are of not only important theoretical, but also applied significance. These are valuable for oncologists and pathologists.

[HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. GENDER ASPECTS OF CARCINOGENESIS].

The article reviews contemporary data about influences of sex hormons (androgenes, estrogenes) and their nuclear receptors on development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Use of hepatoprotective drugs for treatment of chronic liver diseases and prophylactic of hepatocellular carcinoma should be correlated with potential hormonal effects of the treatment.

[Molecular components of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its connection with transcription machinery].

JAK/STAT is one of the conservative signaling pathways in higher eukaryotes which plays a critical role in different ontogenesis processes. This article gives a review of the pathway structure at the molecular level, mainly in a model organism Drosophila. There are data about relationship of the signaling pathway and transcription machinery of higher eukaryotes.

[Activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in S2 Drosophila melanogaster cell culture].

JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a critical role in different ontogenesis processes of higher eukaryotes. Fruit fly drosophila is a handy model system used to study this pathway since major components of the pathway are represented by unique factors. This article describes the usage of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells in studies of the pathway's target genes activation. We showed that S2 cells contain plenty of STAT protein which migrates into nucleus under cells treatment with pervanadate. Then we demonstrated that under pervanadate action STAT protein along with other transcription factors is recruited onto regulatory sequences of target genes and activates their transcription.

[Biological functions of Jak/Stat signaling pathway in Drosophila].

The basic biological processes under the control of the Jak/Stat signaling pathway in Drosophila are reviewed. As shown, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a very convenient model organism for investigation of Jak/Stat functions in various aspects of ontogenesis.

[The volume of the liver and its functional status in primary and metastatic malignant lesions].

84 patients with primary and metastatic malignant liver lesions predominantly at stage T4N0M0 were studied liver volumes and volumes of foci of lesions, also personal normal liver formula. Obtained data was compared with the functional state of the liver, as determined by the scale of hepatotoxicity NIH-NIAD with additional index points of higher levels of ALT, SCHF and total bilirubin in serum. We found that liver increase in most cases is not only a total foci destruction and predominantly blood disorders and lymphokinesis bodies. Even with 50% dissemination of the malignant growth of functional compensation body remains at a sufficient level, which enables extensive cytoreductional intervention and chemotherapy.

[Precancerous gastric diseases].

The paper presents statistical data on gastric cancer (GC) incidence. Pre-cancerous conditions in the stomach (polyps, peptic ulcer, post-resection syndromes, chronic atrophic gastritis) are considered in detail. The author evaluates the role played by Helicobacter pylori persistence in gastric cancer pathogenesis, and discloses the genetic aspects of oncogenesis. The modern conception of gastrocarcinogenesis, based upon the multicasuality and a multi-factor character of endogenious impacts on the gastric glandular apparatus, is described in the article. Preventive measures should be taken with consideration of this approach and include individual and social preventive measures.

[Decision-making in a physician's practice].

The article covers modern principles of the decision-making method, used in medicine and gastroenterology, in particular. These principles are based upon taking into consideration psychosocial features of a doctor and a patient, types of doctor's thinking and pathologic processes, as well as the effect of a range of negative factors, such as conformism, engageness of a doctor, neurotism etc. The author pioneers the treatment of decision-making in medicine.

[Clinical and immunological aspects of surgical treatment of stomach and duodenal ulcer]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskie aspekty khirurgicheskogo lecheniia iazvennoi bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

Of 182 examined patients with the stomach and duodenum ulcer disease (UD) 104 (57.14%) of whom with complications. Antiulcerous antibodies were determined in patients according to results obtained in passive hemagglutination reaction (PHAR) using erythrocytic diagnosticums. In patients with gastric and duodenal UD the antitissue antibodies to corresponding antigens from gastric and duodenal ulcers were determined before the operation. The incidence of antibodies discovery depends on the patients condition. In 18 months after the operation the percentage of PHAR positive results have reduced down to 72.5% on average.

[Combined seromuscular vagotomy in the treatment of pyloroduodenal ulcer]. / Kombinirovannaia serozno-myshechnaia vagotomiia v lechenii piloroduodenal'noi iazvy.

The posterior truncal and anterior proximal seromyotomy were performed in 150 patients. One and three years after the operation, 102 of the patients were examined. An excellent and good results were noted in 86.3%, a satisfactory one--in 13.7% of the patients. No unsatisfactory result was noted. The given modification has the following advantages: rapid elimination of the pain syndrome, low traumaticity, technical simplicity and short duration of the operation.

[The analysis of urinary steroids using capillary gas-liquid chromatography]. / Analiz steroidov mochi metodom kapilliarnoi gazozhidkostnoi khromatografii.

Impaired steroid hormone secretion and metabolism may become the cause of symptomatic hypertension. Currently gas chromatography technique is employed for analysis of urinary steroids, that permits detection of the majority of components. To detect the important components present in but trace amounts gas chromatographic mass spectrometry is necessary. Gas chromatographic technique holds good promise for clinical studies, its potentialities are not inferior to those of radioimmunoassay.

[Transduodenal papillosphincterotomy in the treatment of nontumorous lesions of the terminal portion of the common bile duct]. / Transduodenal'naia papillosfinkterotomiia v lechenii neopukholevykh porazhenii terminal'nogo otdela obshchego zhelchnogo protoka.

For benign stricture, obstruction of the major duodenal papilla (MDP) and terminal common bile duct in 130 patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis and its complications, the papillosphincterotomy was performed. Postoperative lethality was 3.8%. A good long-term result was noted in 84% of the patients, satisfactory--in 12%, bad--in 4%. There were no restenosis of MDP and recurrent choledocholithiasis.