Recent advances in enhances peripheral nerve orientation: the synergy of micro or nano patterns with therapeutic tactics.

Several studies suggest that topographical patterns influence nerve cell fate. Efforts have been made to improve nerve cell functionality through this approach, focusing on therapeutic strategies that enhance nerve cell function and support structures. However, inadequate nerve cell orientation can impede long-term efficiency, affecting nerve tissue repair. Therefore, enhancing neurites/axons directional growth and cell orientation is crucial for better therapeutic outcomes, reducing nerve coiling, and ensuring accurate nerve fiber connections. Conflicting results exist regarding the effects of micro- or nano-patterns on nerve cell migration, directional growth, immunogenic response, and angiogenesis, complicating their clinical use. Nevertheless, advances in lithography, electrospinning, casting, and molding techniques to intentionally control the fate and neuronal cells orientation are being explored to rapidly and sustainably improve nerve tissue efficiency. It appears that this can be accomplished by combining micro- and nano-patterns with nanomaterials, biological gradients, and electrical stimulation. Despite promising outcomes, the unclear mechanism of action, the presence of growth cones in various directions, and the restriction of outcomes to morphological and functional nerve cell markers have presented challenges in utilizing this method. This review seeks to clarify how micro- or nano-patterns affect nerve cell morphology and function, highlighting the potential benefits of cell orientation, especially in combined approaches.

Core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and multimodal imaging-guided combination tumor treatment.

It is well known that metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have unique characteristics such as high porosity, large surface areas and adjustable functionalities, so they are ideal candidates for developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) as well as theranostic platforms in cancer treatment. Despite the large number of MOF nanostructures that have been discovered, conventional MOF-derived nanosystems only have a single biofunctional MOF source with poor colloidal stability. Accordingly, developing core-shell MOF nanostructures with good colloidal stability is a useful method for generating efficient drug delivery, multimodal imaging and synergistic therapeutic systems. The preparation of core-shell MOF nanostructures has been done with a variety of materials, but inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are highly effective for drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Herein, we aimed to overview the synthesis of core-shell inorganic NP@MOF nanostructures followed by the application of core-shell MOFs derived from magnetic, quantum dots (QDs), gold (Au), and gadolinium (Gd) NPs in drug delivery and imaging-guided tumor treatment. Afterward, we surveyed different factors affecting prolonged drug delivery and cancer therapy, cellular uptake, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect of core-shell MOFs. Last but not least, we discussed the challenges and the prospects of the field. We envision this article may hold great promise in providing valuable insights regarding the application of hybrid nanostructures as promising and potential candidates for multimodal imaging-guided combination cancer therapy.

Electrochemical aptasensor based on the engineered core-shell MOF nanostructures for the detection of tumor antigens.

It is essential to develop ultrasensitive biosensors for cancer detection and treatment monitoring. In the development of sensing platforms, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention as potential porous crystalline nanostructures. Core-shell MOF nanoparticles (NPs) have shown different diversities, complexities, and biological functionalities, as well as significant electrochemical (EC) properties and potential bio-affinity to aptamers. As a result, the developed core-shell MOF-based aptasensors serve as highly sensitive platforms for sensing cancer biomarkers with an extremely low limit of detection (LOD). This paper aimed to provide an overview of different strategies for improving selectivity, sensitivity, and signal strength of MOF nanostructures. Then, aptamers and aptamers-modified core-shell MOFs were reviewed to address their functionalization and application in biosensing platforms. Additionally, the application of core-shell MOF-assisted EC aptasensors for detection of several tumor antigens such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), and other tumor markers were discussed. In conclusion, the present article reviews the advancement of potential biosensing platforms toward the detection of specific cancer biomarkers through the development of core-shell MOFs-based EC aptasensors.

Exploring the Physicochemical, Electroactive, and Biodelivery Properties of Metal Nanoparticles on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration.

Despite the advances in the regeneration/rehabilitation field of damaged tissues, the functional recovery of peripheral nerves (PNs), especially in a long gap injury, is considered a great medical challenge. Recent progress in nanomedicine has provided great hope for PN regeneration through the strategy of controlling cell behavior by metal nanoparticles individually or loaded on scaffolds/conduits. Despite the confirmed toxicity of metal nanoparticles due to long-term accumulation in nontarget tissues, they play a role in the damaged PN regeneration based on the topography modification of scaffolds/conduits, enhancing neurotrophic factor secretion, the ion flow improvement, and the regulation of electrical signals. Determining the fate of neural progenitor cells would be a major achievement in PN regeneration, which seems to be achievable by metal nanoparticles through altering cell vital approaches and controlling their functions. Therefore, in this literature, an attempt was made to provide an overview of the effective activities of metal nanoparticles on the PN regeneration, until the vital clues of the PN regeneration and how they are changed by metal nanoparticles are revealed to the researcher.

Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: The Rotterdam Experience.

At the Nanomedicine Innovation Center (NICE) at the Erasmus MC in Rotterdam, we have approached the treatment of cancer by starting with a vision of first establishing a platform that enables us to overcome the low levels of drugs delivered to tumors and the issue of dose-limiting toxicity. Showing that a reduction of the volume of distribution, and a lowering of toxicity and side-effects, accompanied by augmented intratumoral drug delivery, could change outcomes in patients, paved the way to target, not only localized disease, but also systemic and metastasized cancers. In particular, the detailed studies with intravital microscopy we performed at NICE provided us with the necessary insights and affected to a large extent our program on liposome-based cancer therapy. Together with our experience with the loco-regional treatment of cancer, this helped us to develop a program that focused on the subsequent aspects discussed here. We recognized that passive accumulation of nanoparticles was not as effective as previously believed and undertook to improve the local accumulation by changing the tumor pathophysiology and, in particular, the vascular permeability. We added the targeting of liposomes using vascular and tumor directed moieties, to improve cellular drug delivery. To improve payload delivery, we studied the modification of liposomes with phospholipids that help passive drug release and augment cellular accumulation. Second, and importantly, modification of liposomes was undertaken, to enable triggered drug release. The capability for modifying liposomes to respond to a trigger, and the ability to now apply an external trigger (e.g., hyperthermia) and specifically reach the tumor volume, resulted in the current smart drug delivery systems. Our experience at NICE, after a few decades of research on lipid-based nanoparticles, shows that, after the first liposomal formulation registered for clinical application in cancer therapy, further developments quickly followed, while further clinical applications lagged behind. Now we need to focus on and make the next steps towards the clinic, to fulfil the promise that is found there.

Criteria, Challenges, and Opportunities for Acellularized Allogeneic/Xenogeneic Bone Grafts in Bone Repairing.

As bone grafts become more commonly needed by patients and as donors become scarcer, acellularized bone grafts (ABGs) are becoming more popular for restorative purposes. While autogeneic grafts are reliable as a gold standard, allogeneic and xenogeneic ABGs have been shown to be of particular interest due to the limited availability of autogeneic resources and reduced patient well-being in long-term surgeries. Because of the complete similarity of their structures with native bone, excellent mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and similarities of biological behaviors (osteoinductive and osteoconductive) with local bones, successful outcomes of allogeneic and xenogeneic ABGs in both in vitro and in vivo research have raised hopes of repairing patients' bone injuries in clinical applications. However, clinical trials have been delayed due to a lack of standardized protocols pertaining to acellularization, cell seeding, maintenance, and diversity of ABG evaluation criteria. This study sought to uncover these factors by exploring the bone structures, ossification properties of ABGs, sources, benefits, and challenges of acellularization approaches (physical, chemical, and enzymatic), cell loading, and type of cells used and effects of each of the above items on the regenerative technologies. To gain a perspective on the repair and commercialization of products before implementing new research activities, this study describes the differences between ABGs created by various techniques and methods applied to them. With a comprehensive understanding of ABG behavior, future research focused on treating bone defects could provide a better way to combine the treatment approaches needed to treat bone defects.

Artificial engineering of the protein corona at bio-nano interfaces for improved cancer-targeted nanotherapy.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in numerous applications as anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Artificial engineering of protein interactions with NPs in biological systems is crucial to develop potential NPs for drug delivery and cancer nanotherapy. The protein corona (PC) on the NP surface, displays an interface between biomacromolecules and NPs, governing their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Upon interaction of proteins with the NPs, their surface features are modified and they can easily be removed from the circulation by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). PC properties heavily depend on the biological microenvironment and NP physicochemical parameters. Based on this context, we have surveyed different approaches that have been used for artificial engineering of the PC composition on NP surfaces. We discussed the effects of NP size, shape, surface modifications (PEGylation, self-peptide, other polymers), and protein pre-coating on the PC properties. Additionally, other factors including protein source and structure, intravenous injection and the subsequent shear flow, plasma protein gradients, temperature and local heat transfer, and washing media were considered in the context of their effects on the PC properties and overall target cellular effects. Moreover, the effects of NP-PC complexes on cancer cells based on cellular interactions, organization of intracellular PC (IPC), targeted drug delivery (TDD) and regulation of burst drug release profile of nanoplatforms, enhanced biocompatibility, and clinical applications were discussed followed by challenges and future perspective of the field. In conclusion, this paper can provide useful information to manipulate PC properties on the NP surface, thus trying to provide a literature survey to shorten their shipping from preclinical to clinical trials and to lay the basis for a personalized PC.

An Updated Review on EPR-Based Solid Tumor Targeting Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment.

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in cancer treatment is one of the key mechanisms that enables drug accumulation at the tumor site. However, despite a plethora of virus/inorganic/organic-based nanocarriers designed to rely on the EPR effect to effectively target tumors, most have failed in the clinic. It seems that the non-compliance of research activities with clinical trials, goals unrelated to the EPR effect, and lack of awareness of the impact of solid tumor structure and interactions on the performance of drug nanocarriers have intensified this dissatisfaction. As such, the asymmetric growth and structural complexity of solid tumors, physicochemical properties of drug nanocarriers, EPR analytical combination tools, and EPR description goals should be considered to improve EPR-based cancer therapeutics. This review provides valuable insights into the limitations of the EPR effect in therapeutic efficacy and reports crucial perspectives on how the EPR effect can be modulated to improve the therapeutic effects of nanomedicine.

Explaining chemical clues of metal organic framework-nanozyme nano-/micro-motors in targeted treatment of cancers: benchmarks and challenges.

Nowadays, nano-/micro-motors are considered as powerful tools in different areas ranging from cleaning all types of contaminants, to development of Targeted drug delivery systems and diagnostic activities. Therefore, the development and application of nano-/micro-motors based on metal-organic frameworks with nanozyme activity (abbreviated as: MOF-NZs) in biomedical activities have received much interest recently. Therefore, after investigating the catalytic properties and applications of MOF-NZs in the treatment of cancer, this study intends to point out their key role in the production of biocompatible nano-/micro-motors. Since reducing the toxicity of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors can pave the way for medical activities, this article examines the methods of making biocompatible nanomotors to address the benefits and drawbacks of the required propellants. In the following, an analysis of the amplified directional motion of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors under physiological conditions is presented, which can improve the motor behaviors in the propulsion function, conductivity, targeting, drug release, and possible elimination. Meanwhile, by explaining the use of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors in the treatment of cancer through the possible synergy of nanomotors with different therapies, it was revealed that MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors can be effective in the treatment of cancer. Ultimately, by analyzing the potential challenges of MOF-NZ nano-/micro-motors in the treatment of cancers, we hope to encourage researchers to develop MOF-NZs-based nanomotors, in addition to opening up new ideas to address ongoing problems.

A review of the berberine natural polysaccharide nanostructures as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents.

Despite the promising medicinal properties, berberine (BBR), due to its relatively poor solubility in plasma, low bio-stability and limited bioavailability is not used broadly in clinical stages. Due to these drawbacks, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanoscale natural polysaccharides, are applied to address these concerns. Natural polymers are biodegradable, non-immunogenic, biocompatible, and non-toxic agents that are capable of trapping large amounts of hydrophobic compounds in relatively small volumes. The use of nanoscale natural polysaccharide improves the stability and pharmacokinetics of the small molecules and, consequently, increases the therapeutic effects and reduces the side effects of the small molecules. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the different methods used for increasing the BBR solubility and bioavailability. Afterwards, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of BBR nanostructures were discussed followed by the introduction of natural polysaccharides of plant (cyclodextrines, glucomannan), the shells of crustaceans (chitosan), and the cell wall of brown marine algae (alginate)-based origins used to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble BBR and their anticancer and antibacterial properties. Finally, the anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of free BBR and BBR nanostructures were surveyed. In conclusion, this review may pave the way for providing some useful data in the development of BBR-based platforms for clinical applications.

Exploring the interaction of quercetin-3-O-sophoroside with SARS-CoV-2 main proteins by theoretical studies: A probable prelude to control some variants of coronavirus including Delta.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of interaction between quercetin-3-O-sophoroside and different SARS-CoV-2's proteins which can bring some useful details about the control of different variants of coronavirus including the recent case, Delta. The chemical structure of the quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was first optimized. Docking studies were performed by CoV disease-2019 (COVID-19) Docking Server. Afterwards, the molecular dynamic study was done using High Throughput Molecular Dynamics (HTMD) tool. The results showed a remarkable stability of the quercetin-3-O-sophoroside based on the calculated parameters. Docking outcomes revealed that the highest affinity of quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was related to the RdRp with RNA. Molecular dynamic studies showed that the target E protein tends to be destabilized in the presence of quercetin-3-O-sophoroside. Based on these results, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside can show promising inhibitory effects on the binding site of the different receptors and may be considered as effective inhibitor of the entry and proliferation of the SARS-CoV-2 and its different variants. Finally, it should be noted, although this paper does not directly deal with the exploring the interaction of main proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant with quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, at the time of writing, no direct theoretical investigation was reported on the interaction of ligands with the main proteins of Delta variant. Therefore, the present data may provide useful information for designing some theoretical studies in the future for studying the control of SARS-CoV-2 variants due to possible structural similarity between proteins of different variants.

Enzyme-polymeric/inorganic metal oxide/hybrid nanoparticle bio-conjugates in the development of therapeutic and biosensing platforms.

Background: Because enzymes can control several metabolic pathways and regulate the production of free radicals, their simultaneous use with nanoplatforms showing protective and combinational properties is of great interest in the development of therapeutic nano-based platforms. However, enzyme immobilization on nanomaterials is not straightforward due to the toxic and unpredictable properties of nanoparticles in medical practice. Aim of review: In fact, because of the ability to load enzymes on nano-based supports and increase their renewability, scientific groups have been tempted to create potential therapeutic enzymes in this field. Therefore, this study not only pays attention to the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of diseases by enzyme-nanoparticle (NP) bio-conjugate (abbreviated as: ENB), but also considers the importance of nanoplatforms used based on their toxicity, ease of application and lack of significant adverse effects on loaded enzymes. In the following, based on the published reports, we explained that the immobilization of enzymes on polymers, inorganic metal oxide and hybrid compounds provide hopes for potential use of ENBs in medical activities. Then, the use of ENBs in bioassay activities such as paper-based or wearing biosensors and lab-on-chip/microfluidic biosensors were evaluated. Finally, this review addresses the current challenges and future perspective of ENBs in biomedical applications. Key scientific concepts of review: This literature may provide useful information regarding the application of ENBs in biosensing and therapeutic platforms.

Diagnostic and drug release systems based on microneedle arrays in breast cancer therapy.

Microneedle arrays have recently received much attention as cancer detection and treatment platforms, because invasive injections and detection of the biopsy are not needed, and drug metabolism by the liver, as well as adverse effects of systemic drug administration, are diminished. Microneedles have been used for diagnosis, vaccination, and in targeted drug delivery of breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for breast cancer treatment, using microneedle arrays to deliver active molecules through the skin. The results not only suggest that health and well-being of patients are improved, but also that microneedle arrays can deliver anticancer compounds in a relatively noninvasive manner, based on body weight, breast tumor size, and circulation time of the drug. Moreover, microneedles could allow simultaneous loading of multiple drugs and enable controlled release, thus effectively optimizing or preventing drug-drug interactions. This review is designed to encourage the use of microneedles for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, by describing general properties of microneedles, materials used for construction, mechanism of action, and principal benefits. Ongoing challenges and future perspectives for the application of microneedle array systems in breast cancer detection and treatment are highlighted.

Magnetic nanocatalysts as multifunctional platforms in cancer therapy through the synthesis of anticancer drugs and facilitated Fenton reaction.

Background: Heterocyclic compounds have always been used as a core portion in the development of anticancer drugs. However, there is a pressing need for developing inexpensive and simple alternatives to high-cost and complex chemical agents-based catalysts for large-scale production of heterocyclic compounds. Also, development of some smart platforms for cancer treatment based on nanoparticles (NPs) which facilitate Fenton reaction have been widely explored by different scientists. Magnetic NPs not only can serve as catalysts in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with potential anticancer properties, but also are widely used as smart agents in targeting cancer cells and inducing Fenton reactions. Aim of Review: Therefore, in this review we aim to present an updated summary of the reports related to the main clinical or basic application and research progress of magnetic NPs in cancer as well as their application in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds as potential anticancer drugs. Afterwards, specific tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive magnetic nanocatalysts for cancer treatment through triggering Fenton-like reactions were surveyed. Finally, some ignored factors in the design of magnetic nanocatalysts- triggered Fenton-like reaction, challenges and future perspective of magnetic nanocatalysts-assisted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and selective cancer therapy were discussed.Key Scientific Concepts of Review:This review may pave the way for well-organized translation of magnetic nanocatalysts in cancer therapy from the bench to the bedside.

A review on the interaction of nucleoside analogues with SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase.

The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, have highlighted the concerns about the lack of potential vaccines or antivirals approved for inhibition of CoVs infection. SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is almost preserved across different viral species can be a potential target for development of antiviral drugs, including nucleoside analogues (NA). However, ExoN proofreading activity of CoVs leads to their protection from several NAs. Therefore, potential platforms based on the development of efficient NAs with broad-spectrum efficacy against human CoVs should be explored. This study was then aimed to present an overview on the development of NAs-based drug repurposing for targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp by computational analysis. Afterwards, the clinical development of some NAs including Favipiravir, Sofosbuvir, Ribavirin, Tenofovir, and Remdesivir as potential inhibitors of RdRp, were surveyed. Overall, exploring broad-spectrum NAs as promising inhibitors of RdRp may provide useful information about the identification of potential antiviral repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

3D bioprinting of engineered breast cancer constructs for personalized and targeted cancer therapy.

The bioprinting technique with specialized tissue production allows the study of biological, physiological, and behavioral changes of cancerous and non-cancerous tissues in response to pharmacological compounds in personalized medicine. To this end, to evaluate the efficacy of anticancer drugs before entering the clinical setting, tissue engineered 3D scaffolds containing breast cancer and derived from the especially patient, similar to the original tissue architecture, can potentially be used. Despite recent advances in the manufacturing of 3D bioprinted breast cancer tissue (BCT), many studies still suffer from reproducibility primarily because of the uncertainty of the materials used in the scaffolds and lack of printing methods. In this review, we present an overview of the breast cancer environment to optimize personalized treatment by examining and identifying the physiological and biological factors that mimic BCT. We also surveyed the materials and techniques related to 3D bioprinting, i.e, 3D bioprinting systems, current strategies for fabrication of 3D bioprinting tissues, cell adhesion and migration in 3D bioprinted BCT, and 3D bioprinted breast cancer metastasis models. Finally, we emphasized on the prospective future applications of 3D bioprinted cancer models for rapid and accurate drug screening in breast cancer.

Hydrothermal method-based synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles: Albumin binding and antiproliferative activity against K562 cells.

The interaction of nanoparticles with protein and cells may provide important information regarding their biomedical implementations. Herein, after synthesis of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles by hydrothermal method, their interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) was evaluated by multispectroscopic and molecular docking (MD) approaches. Furthermore, the selective antiproliferative impact of SnO2 nanoparticles against leukemia K562 cells was assessed by different cellular assays, whereas lymphocytes were used as control cells. TEM, DLS, zeta potential and XRD techniques showed that crystalline SnO2 nanoparticles have a size of less than 50 nm with a good colloidal stability. Fluorescence and CD spectroscopy analysis indicated that the HSA undergoes some slight conformational changes after interaction with SnO2 nanoparticles, whereas the secondary structure of HSA remains intact. Moreover, MD outcomes revealed that the charged residues of HSA preferentially bind to SnO2 nanoclusters in the binding pocket. Antiproliferative examinations displayed that SnO2 nanoparticles can selectively cause the mortality of K562 cells through induction of cell membrane leakage, activation of caspase-9, -8, -3, down regulation of Bcl-2 mRNA, the elevation of ROS level, S phase arrest, and apoptosis. In conclusion, this data may indicate that SnO2 nanoparticles can be used as promising particles to be integrated into therapeutic platforms.

In vivo guiding inorganic nanozymes for biosensing and therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation and microbial infections.

Researchers have recently introduced some artificial enzymes based on nanomaterials that show significant catalytic activity relative to native enzymes called nanozyme. These nanozymes show superior performance than conventional catalysts and are considered as fascinating candidates for introducing the next generation of biomaterials in various industrial and biomedical fields. Recently, nanozymes have received a great deal of attention in biomedical applications due to their potential properties such as long-term stability, low cost, mass production capability, and controllable catalytic activity. Due to the intrinsic catalytic activity of nanoparticles (NPs) as nanozymes and their ability to be regulated in biomedical processes, this review paper focuses on the in vivo applications of nanozymes in biosensing and therapeutic activities. Despite the challenges and benefits of each approach, this paper attempts to provide an appropriate motivation for the classification of different nanozymes followed by their application in biomedical activities including in vivo biosensing and therapeutic potential in cancer, inflammation and microbial infections. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future perspective of nanozymes in biomedical application were surveyed. In conclusion, this paper may provide useful information regarding the development of nanozymes as promising platforms in biomedical settings due to expedited diagnosis, the advancement of multifactorial therapies and their pronounced stability.

Rapid diagnostics of coronavirus disease 2019 in early stages using nanobiosensors: Challenges and opportunities.

The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world is a tragic and shocking event that demonstrates the unpreparedness of humans to develop quick diagnostic platforms for novel infectious diseases. In fact, statistical reports of diagnostic tools show that their accuracy, specificity and sensitivity in the detection of COVID hampered by some challenges that can be eliminated by using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we aimed to present an overview on the most important ways to diagnose different kinds of viruses followed by the introduction of nanobiosensors. Afterward, some methods of COVID-19 detection such as imaging, laboratory and kit-based diagnostic tests are surveyed. Furthermore, nucleic acids/protein- and immunoglobulin (Ig)-based nanobiosensors for the COVID-19 detection infection are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspective for the development of diagnostic or monitoring technologies in the control of COVID-19 are discussed to persuade the scientists in advancing their technologies beyond imagination. In conclusion, it can be deduced that as rapid COVID-19 detection infection can play a vital role in disease control and treatment, this review may be of great help for controlling the COVID-19 outbreak by providing some necessary information for the development of portable, accurate, selectable and simple nanobiosensors.