[A comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years].

Aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of actual nutrition of children aged 9-10 years with different nutritional status, to asses relationships between Energy Value (EV) of diet, BMI and diet composition. The study covers two groups of children residing in Almaty - 80 children aged 9-10 years with obesity (40 boys and 40 girls) and 80 normal-weight children (40 boys and 40 girls). To determine the nutritional status of the children, diagnostic criteria such as BMI-for-Age Z-score tables of WHO growth standards have been used. The nutrition was studied using the 24-hour recall method. The level of consumption across the entire range of food products, with the exception of cheese, cottage cheese, fish and eggs, turned out to be higher for the obese children with a difference range of 20-151% as compared to normal-weight children. Irrespectively of the nutritional status, all groups of children failed to achieve the recommended level of consumption of vegetables (1.7-fold less than recommended on average), potato (1.4-fold), milk and/or liquid fermented milk products (2.6-fold), fish (4.9-fold), eggs (3.1-fold), and consumed refined foods significantly higher than its limit level (confectionary items - 5.6-fold, flour - 2.9-fold). The contribution of sugar, pasta and sausages to EV of the diet was higher in diet of obese children as compared to normalweight children. The daily Energy Intake (EI) for the obese children was significantly higher than for the normal-weight children. The obese boys consumed 2174±564 kcal whereas normal-weight boys - 1625±343 kcal, obese girls - 2059±530 kcal, normalweight girls - 1532±293 kcal. The macronutrient composition of the diet for obese children differed from that of normal-weight children by increased proportions across all nutrients; however it didn't differ from the normal-weight children's diet in terms of the percentage content of macronutrients and the nature of imbalance. The imbalance took the form of a reduced quota of carbohydrates, excessive intake of simple carbohydrates (2-fold), saturated fats (1.5-fold), and a deficiency of dietary fibers, vitamins A, D, B group (thiamine, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid), zinc and calcium. The relative content of dietary fibers in the diet of obese children was lower than that in the diet of normal-weight counterparts. In obese children the percentage of carbohydrates contribution to EV of the diet served as a predictor of EI (ß=0.5, р=0.00). Elevated BMI was predicted by EI (ß=0.7, р=0.00), Carbohydrate to Fiber Ratio (ß=0.2, р=0.05), Carbohydrate to Fat Ratio (ß=0.3, р=0.01), Carbohydrate to Protein Ratio (ß=0.3, р=0.01), percentage of carbohydrate contribution to EV of the diet (ß=0.3, р=0.01). Thereby elevated BMI was predicted by EI, carbohydrate intake and by deficiency of the dietary fiber.

[The prevalence of anemia among children and women of reproductive age in Kazakhstan and basis of its prevention].

Results of the study on the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age and children, residing in the various regions of Kazakhstan, are presented in the article. Representational sampling which takes into account the divisional principle of medical service of children population in each of the 14th areas, Astana and Almaty cities has been implemented. Research involved participation of 1303 women at the age of 15-49 years, and of 1318 children, 353 (26.8%) of whom were in the age of 6 up to 23 months, and 985 (73.2%) were in the age range of 24-59 months. 89 women were pregnant, which constituted 6.8%. The average hemoglobin level in the blood of pregnant women was 11.1 +/- 1.6 g/dL, which was significantly lower compared to that of non-pregnant women, for whom the figure was 12.1 +/- 1.6 g/dL. The average level of hemoglobin in the blood of children in the age range of 6-23 months was 10.7 +/- 1.4 g/dL, and was significantly lower than that of children in the age range of 24-59 months, for whom the figure was, in average, 11.5 +/- 1.4 g/dL (p < 0.05). The rate of prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women was 43.8%, among non-pregnant women--39.0%, among children aged 6-59 months--35.2%. It was found that the prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in children aged 6-23 months (53.3%) compared with children aged 24-59 months (28.8%). As for degree of severity of anemia, mild form prevailed in all of the examined groups: children--53.6%, pregnant women--51.2% and non-pregnant--77.2%. Moderate anemia was mostly diagnosed in children in the age range of 6 to 23 months and in pregnant women (50.5 and 43.6% relatively). Comprehensive program of prevention and control of iron-deficiency anemia among children and women includes food fortification, supplementation of target groups with iron preparation and folic acid, food diversification, monitoring and evaluation of program execution, as well as training of medical students and medical staff with policies and strategies of struggle against iron-deficiency anemia.

[Nutritional status of early age children in Kazakhstan]. / Pishchevol status detel rannego vozrasta v respublike Kasakhstan.

An assessment of nutritional status children under 3-years old was given, which conducted within Kazakstan Dimography Health Survey, 1995. 717 children under 3 years old were examined, including Kazak--421, Russian--161 and other ethnicities--135. An assessment of nutritional status was conducted by the anthropometric indices: Height/Age, Weight/Height, Weight/Age. The most expressed degree of undernutrition was determined among rural children, Kazaks, and children living at the South and Center regions of republic. Demographic and background characteristics are the main determinants for nutritional status of children. Birth parity, birth interval, mother's educational level have influence for nutritional status of children.

[External secretion of the liver in enteral and intragastric tube feeding]. / Vneshniaia sekretsiia pecheni v usloviiakh énteral'nogo i intragastral'nogo zondovogo pitaniia.

Hepatic external secretion and main lipid components of the bile and serum were studied under a long-term intragastric and enteral tube feeding using improved surgical and technical methods, Inritan and Peptisorb mixtures. It is shown that food entering the stomach directly does not affect hepatic excretion, while enteral 2-week feeding, especially with hydrolyzed products, deranged secretory mechanisms which entails unbalance in the main bile components and defective lipid metabolism.

[Induction of monooxygenase system and incorporation of radioactivity from 2-14C-lysine into proteins of rat liver microsomes under the action of phenobarbital and the background of lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamin A, C and E deficiencies]. / Induktsiia monooksigenaznoi sistemy i vkliuchenie radioaktivnoi metki iz 2-14C-lizina v belki mikrosom pecheni krys pri vozdeistvii fenobarbitala na fone defitsita lizina, metionina, treonina i vitaminov A, C i E

The effect of diet on induction of monooxygenases and distribution of radioactivity from 2-14-C-lysine in fractions of liver homogenate, muscle homogenate and blood of male rats treated with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, three days) was studied. 2-14-C-lysine was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before the first injection of phenobarbital. It was demonstrated that monooxygenase induction, increase of relative liver weight and incorporation of radioactivity from 2-14-C-lysine into fractions of liver homogenate in phenobarbital-treated rats fed diet deficient in lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C and E were more pronounced as compared with the similarly treated rats which were fed a balanced diet. The possibility of mobilization of deficient essential components to liver from other organs and tissues for maintenance of monooxygenase induction is discussed.

[The induction of the monooxygenase system and the incorporation of the radioactive label from 2-14C-lysine into the liver microsome fraction of rats exposed to phenobarbital against a background of deficiencies in lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, C and E]. / Induktsiia monooksigenaznoi sistemy i vkliuchenie radioaktivnoi metki iz 2-14C-lizina vo fraktsiiu mikrosom pecheni krys pri vozdeistvii fenobarbitala na fone defitsita lizina, metionina, treonina i vitaminov A, C i E.

The effect of diet on induction of monooxygenases and distribution of label from 2-14C-lysine in fractions of liver homogenate, muscle homogenate and blood of male rats treated with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, three days) was studied. 2-14C-lysine was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before the first injection of phenobarbital. It was demonstrated that monoxygenase induction, increase of relative liver weight and incorporation of label from 2-14C-lysine into fractions of liver homogenate in phenobarbital-treated rats were more pronounced as compared with the similarly treated rats that were fed a balanced diet. The possibility of mobilization of deficient essential components to liver from other organs and tissues for maintenance of monoxygenase induction is discussed.

[Liver microsome monooxygenase activity in rats under the effects of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and different nutrition background]. / Aktivnost' monooksigenaz mikrosom pecheni krys pri vozdeistvii smesi khlor- i fosfororganicheskikh pestitsidov na fone razlichnogo pitaniia.

The influence of acute and chronic intoxication with a mixture of lindane and trichlorometaphos-3 on monooxygenases of rat liver was studied in rats insufficiently provided with lysine and vitamins A, C and E. It has been found that in the presence of poly-nutrient insufficiency monooxygenase induction develops more rapidly and to a greater extent than in the presence of balanced nutrition. Chronic intoxication with the pesticide mixture leads to monooxygenase system induction under both regimens of nutrition. It has been noted that in most cases monooxygenase induction during intoxication in the presence of poly-nutrient insufficiency is attended by an increase of the relative mass of the liver. A possible role of this phenomenon has been considered.

[Clinico-biochemical evaluation of the effectiveness of diet therapy in gastroenterologic patients]. / Kliniko-biokhimicheskaia otsenka éffektivnosti dietoterapii gastroénterologicheskikh bol'nykh.

Dissimilar immunochemical, protein and vitamin parameters were found in blood of patients with gastroenterological diseases at the initial step of impairments under conditions of routine and special diets. Specific alterations in content of transferrin, haptoglobin, tocopherol as well as in glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities showed that compensatory mechanisms were maintained better under conditions of the special diet therapy.

[The use of a soy protein isolate in the diet therapy of patients with alimentary obesity]. / Primenenie belkovogo izoliata soi v dietoterapii bol'nykh alimentarnym ozhireniem.

Patients with alimentary obesity received a diet with 1/3 amount of protein substituted for soya protein isolate, daily, during 4 weeks. The influence of the dietotherapeutic course on protein, lipid metabolism, on bile acid and lipid composition of bile and on the immunologic state of the patients was studied. Blood and bile lipid content and the fraction of cholesterol esters were studied by thin-layer chromatography, lipid composition by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, protein fractions by paper electrophoresis; the immunologic state was studied by the blast-transformation test and immunoglobulin assay. It has been established that this diet influences the parameters studied: the levels of total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins of low and very low density are decreased, the content of high density lipoproteins is increased, the level of globulin fractions is normalized, and the content of total protein is reduced to the normal, bile acid and lipid composition of bile and the immunologic state are improved.

[Characteristics of maternal and child nutrition in relation to infant mortality in Kazakh SSR]. / Osobennesti pitaniia detei i ikh materei v sviazi s problemoi detskoi smertnosti v Kazakhstane.

Studies of actual nutrition patterns of women in pregnancy and lactation living in Kazakhstan regions with highest infant mortality rates showed significant deficiency of animal proteins, essential amino acids, and vitamins A, E and C. The prevalence of anemias amounted to 40-90% and that of hypogalactia to 32%. At the same time, the breast milk was found to have reduced protein and fat content at its high carbophos contamination. From 70 to 90% of cow milk samples were found to be contaminated with carbophos. Food products for children showed high levels of contamination with aflatoxin producing strains of micromyces. The priority tasks of nutritionists are to create of specialized therapeutic and prophylactic food products and breast milk substitutes.

[Nutrition and health in relation to ecology]. / Pitanie i zdoro've v sviazi s ékologiei.

The ecological situation in the recent 20 years in the Kazakh SSR occupying one sixth of the USSR territory is analysed. The analysis shows a 3-29-fold rise in total morbidity for various infectious and somatic diseases associated with the drastic worsening of the ecological situation in the Aral Sea region; childhood and maternal mortality rates have significantly increased. Investigations made at the Institute for Regional Nutritional Problems of the USSR AMS have shown that pesticides, excessive mineral fertilisers, and various microorganisms and their metabolites (toxins) are priority food product pollutants for all Kazakhstan regions. An important role played by the nutritional status in showing a cancerogenic effect by nitro compounds has been established. A complex of sanitary-hygienic measures aimed at improving the State sanitary control over the environmental objects and food products has been elaborated that will improve the ecological situation in this republic.

[Effect of various dietary proteins on the processes of lipid transport in the blood serum]. / Vliianie razlichnykh pishchevykh belkov na protsessy transporta lipidov v syvorotke krovi.

The influence of isocaloric semi-synthetic rations with varying protein components (casein, wheat gluten, isolates of cotton, soybean and rice proteins) on lipid transport processes in the blood serum was studied in experiments on made August rats. It has been shown that the alimentary proteins studied affect blood serum lipids and lipoproteins by altering lypolysis activity in the serum, by modifying the hepatic production of high-density lipoproteins and their free cholesterol, by disturbance of low-density lipoprotein degradation. The rest mechanisms regulating lipid transport in the blood serum are changed insignificantly.

[Mathematical modelling of perorally induced immunological tolerance]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie peroral'no indutsirovannoi immunologicheskoi tolerantnosti.

A mathematical model of the mechanism of development of orally induced immunologic tolerance has been suggested. The model presents a system of differential non-linear equations, and it is realized as a program in FORTRAN. The model describes primary and secondary immune responses, reflects the main features of the immune system response to antigen intake with food. The immune system model response to varying doses and frequency of the antigen intake with food has been studied. It has been established that repeated administration of small doses of the food antigen leads to a deeper tolerance due to lower stimulation of the immune system. The existence of optimal tolerogenic doses of the food antigen has been proved. Qualitative changes in the immune system response to the food antigen have been recorded in case of increased permeability of the intestinal wall.

[Effect of a phosphatidylcholine-enriched diet on the structural and functional parameters of rat liver microsomes]. / Vliianie diety, obogashchennoi fosfatidilkholinom, na strukturno-funktsional'nye parametry mikrosom pecheni krys.

The authors studied the influence of the diet enriched with phosphatidylcholine on the structural-functional parameters of microsomes: lipid peroxidation activity, the levels of cytochromes b5 and P-450, microviscosity of the lipid phase of the membrane. In experiments in vivo it was found that phosphatidylcholine per se, not combined with antioxidants, did not show antioxidant properties. Biological effects of lecithin could be explained by its role as a catalyst of the monooxygenase system in the liver, based on the correlation (r = +0.8) between the high level of cytochrome b5 and the degree of eximerization of the fluorescent probe pyrene in the microsomes.

[Effect of dietary factor deficiency on the membranotoxic and cytostatic activity of splenocytes]. / Vliianie nedostatka alimentarnykh faktorov na membranotoksicheskoe i tsitostaticheskoe deistvie splenotsitov.

The influence of alimentary factor deficiency on the membranotoxic and cytostatic action of splenocyte effectors was studied in VAG rats. Four groups of animals were kept on different rations during 60 days: group I received a balanced ration, group II was given a ration with essential amino acid deficiency, group III--with vitamin A and E deficiency, group IV--with essential amino acid and vitamin A and E deficiency (polyimbalance). It was shown that in polyimbalance and vitamin A and E deficiency the membranotoxic and cytostatic activity of splenocytes was decreased, the cytostatic action being more sensitive to the deficiency of these factors. Addition of interleukin-2 to the incubation mixture restored the membranotoxic activity up to the normal level. The immunological parameters studied were not substantially changed in the deficiency of essential amino acids. It is suggested that the disordered T-cell regulatory function of amplifiers, which are the main producers of interleukin-2, is one of the principal mechanisms decreasing the splenocyte membranotoxic activity.

[Specific immunosuppression after peroral administration of antibodies]. / Spetsificheskaia immunosupressiia, obuslovlennaia peroral'nym postupleniem antitel.

The influence of immunization of lactating female rats with sheep red blood cells on the primary immune response of their progeny, and oral administration of heterologous antibodies, on the immune response of suckling rats was studied in experiments on 52 August rats. It was shown that oral antibody administration with breast milk and feeding with heterologous serum resulted in a drastic suppression of the splenic antibody-producing cells and in a fall of the humoral antibody titre in the suckling rats. The immunosuppression was reversible and could not be adoptively transferred. It is concluded that the antibodies entering the newborns' body with the mother's milk not only provide the passive immunity but also produce a regulatory effect on the immune system.

[Effect of the type of nutrition and aflatoxin B1 on the structure of chromosomes]. / Vliianie kharaktera pitaniia i aflatoksina B1 na strukturnoe sostoianie khromosom.

Deficiency of the essential nutrients lysine, methionine, threonine and vitamins A, E, C significantly increases the mutagenic environment of somatic cells in growing Wag rats. Aflatoxin B1 produces a pronounced mutagenic effect on the cellular genetic apparatus; this effect is substantially modified due to the nutrition character: it is either intensified or inhibited. The results obtained suggest that the nutritional factors can de used for prevention and elimination of aflatoxin B1-induced mutations.

[Possibility of correcting the immune system by using food products]. / Izuchenie vozmozhnosti korrektsii immunoi sistemy s pomoshch'iu pishchevykh produktov.

In experiments on August rats the effect was studied of a product, prepared by freezing and thawing of cabbage followed by inoculation of yeast and lactic acid microorganisms, on the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells and oxidation metabolism in peritoneal macrophages. The product significantly increased the antibody-formation and accumulation of antibody-forming cells in the spleen but did not affect the lumino-dependent chemiluminescence of macrophages stimulated with opsonized zymosan.

[A multicomponent additive intended for preparing infant milk mixtures enriched with essential and protective factors]. / Mnogokomponentnaia dobavka, prednaznachennai dlia prigotovleniia detskikh molochnykh smesei, obogashchennykh éssentsial'nymi i zashchitnymi faktorami.

Hen eggs were used for the preparation of a multicomponent additive to milk mixtures for infants. Lysozyme hydrolysate containing up to 1 mg/ml lysozyme was obtained from egg albumen according to a specially developed technology. The hydrolysate was supplemented with vitamins C and PP. The egg yolk was used for the preparation of a yolk-fatty emulsion enriched with vitamin E, copper sulfate and ferrous lactate. Characteristics of the cow milk and milk mixtures supplemented with the multicomponent additive are maximally close to those of the human milk. The clinical trials of the lactic acid mixtures enriched with the multicomponent additive showed their high effectiveness in the nutrition of normal and sick infants. The technology of the additive production is simple; it is inexpensive and can be easily transported.