RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antiviral resistance and inefficiency of available antiviral drugs to effectively treat viral infections have prompted many researchers worldwide to explore medicinal plants and their isolated compounds as alternative antivirals. The rich flora from the Mascarene Islands has also been thoroughly studied for their wide therapeutic activities, including their antiviral properties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to highlight the antiviral propensities of Mascarene endemic and indigenous medicinal plants. METHODOLOGY: A review of the literature was conducted via major databases and other primary sources of information. The inhibitory concentration/effective dose causing 50% viral inhibition (IC50/ED50), cytotoxic concentration causing 50% reduction in cell viability (CC50), and selectivity index (SI) were reported, and mechanisms of antiviral action were also discussed. RESULTS: Stillingia lineata was the most effective against chikungunya virus (SI: 10.9), and among its isolated compounds, 12-O-acetylphorbol-13(2â³-methyl)- butyrate and 12-deoxyphorbol- 13(2â³-methyl)butyrate were the most potent and selective inhibitors of chikungunya virus replication (SI: 41 and >240, respectively). 12-O-acetylphorbol-13(2â³-methyl)- butyrate, 12ß-O-[nona- 2Z,4E,6E-trienoyl]-4α-deoxyphorbol-13-butyrate, 12-deoxyphorbol-13(2â³-methyl)butyrate, and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-[8'-oxohexadeca-2E,4E,6E-trienoate showed strong selective antiviral effect on human immunodeficiency virus-I (SI: 36-899) and II (SI: 33-2056). Obetia ficifolia and Erythroxylon laurifolium were most active against the herpes virus (SI: 18.5 and 16, respectively). Labourdonnaisia glauca showed potent anti-poliovirus activity (SI: 40), while Badula insularis, Labourdonnaisia glauca and Myonima violacea were active against rhinovirus (SI: 1.3-2.5). Both anti-zika and anti-dengue virus activities were reported for Aphloia theiformis, Doratoxylon apetalum, Phyllanthus phillyreifolius and Psiloxylon mauritianum. CONCLUSION: Promising spectrum of antiviral properties notably against zika, dengue, chikungunya, polio-, rhino-, herpes, and human immunodeficiency viruses were presented by the Mascarene plants suggesting them as viable candidates for the potential development of effective natural antiviral drugs.
Assuntos
Febre de Chikungunya , Plantas Medicinais , Infecção por Zika virus , Zika virus , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Butiratos/farmacologia , Butiratos/uso terapêutico , Febre de Chikungunya/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ilhas , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Replicação Viral , Infecção por Zika virus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The chemical and pharmacological profiles of essential oils (EOs) hydrodistilled in yields of 0.03-0.77 % (w/w) from three exotic (Cinnamomum camphora, Petroselinum crispum, and Syzygium samarangense) and two endemic (Pittosporum senacia subsp. senacia and Syzygium coriaceum) medicinal plants were studied. GC-MS/GC-FID analysis of the EOs identified the most dominant components to be myristicin (40.3 %), myrcene (62.2 %), 1,8-cineole (54.0 %), ß-pinene (21.3 %) and (E)-ß-ocimene (24.4 %) in P. crispum, P. senacia and C. camphora, S. samarangense and S. coriaceum EOs, respectively. All EOs were found to possess anti-amylase (0.70-1.50â mM ACAE/g EO) and anti-tyrosinase (109.35-158.23â mg KAE/g) properties, whereas no glucosidase inhibition was displayed. Only Syzygium EOs acted as dual inhibitors of both acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases, while P. senacia and C. camphora EOs inhibited acetylcholinesterase selectively and P. crispum EO was inactive (AChE: 4.64-4.96â mg GALAE/g; BChE: 5.96 and 7.10â mg GALAE/g). Molecular docking revealed 1,8-cineole to present the best binding affinities with butyrylcholinesterase, amylase and tyrosinase, while both myristicin and ß-pinene with acetylcholinesterase and finally ß-pinene with glucosidase. In vitro antioxidant potency was also demonstrated in different assays (DPPH: 13.52-53.91â mg TE/g, ABTS: 5.49-75.62â mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 45.38-243.21â mg TE/g, FRAP: 42.49-110.64â mg TE/g; and phosphomolybdenum assay: 82.61-160.93â mM TE/g). Principal component analysis revealed the EOs to differ greatly in their bioactivities due to their chemodiversity. This study has unveiled some interesting preliminary pharmacological profiles of the EOs that could be explored for their potential applications as phytotherapeutics.