Genetic and therapeutic landscapes in cohort of pancreatic adenocarcinomas: next-generation sequencing and machine learning for full tumor exome analysis.

About 7% of all cancer deaths are caused by pancreatic cancer (PCa). PCa is known for its lowest survival rates among all oncological diseases and heterogenic molecular profile. Enormous amount of genetic changes, including somatic mutations, exceeds the limits of routine clinical genetic laboratory tests and further stagnates the development of personalized treatments. We aimed to build a mutational landscape of PCa in the Russian population based on full exome next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the limited group of patients. Applying a machine learning model on full exome individual data we received personalized recommendations for targeted treatment options for each clinical case and summarized them in the unique therapeutic landscape.

Preclinical Study of Therapeutic Efficacy of a New Russian Radiopharmaceutical 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA.

The therapeutic efficacy of a Russian radiopharmaceutical 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA was studied in vivo using male BALB/c nu/nu (nude) mice with prostate carcinoma 22Rv1 xenografts by tumor growth inhibition criterion. The mean tumor volumes in mice treated with 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA were significantly lower than in animals of the control group. There were no significant differences in the values of tumor growth inhibition between the groups of animals receiving 3.7 or 7.4 MBq of 177Lu-DOTA-PSMA.

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of a New Indol-3-carboxylic Acid Derivative Against SARS-CoV-2.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought into sharp relief the threat posed by coronaviruses and laid the foundation for a fundamental analysis of this viral family, as well as a search for effective anti-COVID drugs. Work is underway to update existent vaccines against COVID-19, and screening for low-molecular-weight anti-COVID drug candidates for outpatient medicine continues. The opportunities and ways to accelerate the development of antiviral drugs against other pathogens are being discussed in the context of preparing for the next pandemic. In 2012-2015, Tsyshkova et al. synthesized a group of water-soluble low-molecular-weight compounds exhibiting an antiviral activity, whose chemical structure was similar to that of arbidol. Among those, there were a number of water-soluble compounds based on 5-methoxyindole-3-carboxylic acid aminoalkyl esters. Only one member of this rather extensive group of compounds, dihydrochloride of 6-bromo-5-methoxy-1-methyl-2-(1-piperidinomethyl)-3-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) carbonylindole, exhibited a reliable antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. At a concentration of 52.0 µM, this compound completely inhibited the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with an infectious activity of 106 TCID50/mL. The concentration curves of the analyzed compound indicate the specificity of its action. Interferon-inducing activity, as well as suppression of syncytium formation induced by the spike protein (S-glycoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2 by 89%, were also revealed. In view of its synthetic accessibility - high activity (IC50 = 1.06 µg/mL) and high selectivity index (SI = 78.6) - this compound appears to meets the requirements for the development of antiviral drugs for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.

Oncology during the New Coronavirus Infection Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has served as a catalyst for a whole layer of scientific research, including in Russia, where, since 2020, international multicenter studies have been conducted on the impact of the coronavirus infection on the course of oncological diseases, as well as on the development and application of new clinical methods in oncology. In the years 2020-2022, new methods of nuclear medicine based on the targeted effect of ionizing radiation of radiopharmaceuticals began to be actively developed, in particular, new domestic radiopharmaceuticals (RPs) for diagnostics and therapy and methods of intra-arterial radioembolization developed by RPs with 90Y and 188Re of primary and metastatic tumors of various localization. New methods of radiation therapy have been introduced into clinical practice, including remote radiation therapy with "fast" neutrons, which makes it possible to overcome the resistance of a tumor to radiation and drug treatment. In addition, the search for and introduction into clinical practice of new approaches in the field of gene therapy and the use of oncolytic viruses continues. Platforms for complex pharmacogenomic analysis based on global knowledge and deep machine learning are being used in Russia, allowing for the precise selection of the most effective therapy. New multidisciplinary technologies are being developed.

Minimally Manipulated Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Can Be Used for Tissue Engineering In Situ and Simultaneous Formation of Personalized Tissue Models.

Red bone marrow and autologous bone tissue (bone fragments and bone chips) of the donor were harvested intraoperatively during autoplasty of talus bone defect. Titanium chips were obtained by grinding a fragment of a microporous titanium-coated hip arthroplasty (Zimmer). Bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated in the operating room, and bone and titanium fragments were incubated with a suspension of mononuclear cells. The quality of revitalization was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and histological examination after culturing of adherent cells on the bone and titanium fragments. During culturing on bone chips, bone marrow mononuclear fraction cells demonstrated significantly higher metabolic activity than bone marrow cells (p=0.04). Mononuclear fraction cells were also capable of stable colonization of titanium fragments with the formation of composite tissue model.

Dose Field Shaping and Biological Effectiveness of the Effect of Pulsed Electron Accelerator Novac-11 on Mammalian Cells.

The development of technologies for using the Novac-11 pulsed electron accelerator in radiation therapy of animals with spontaneous neoplasms requires dosimetric and radiobiological studies. The studies were performed on cultured Chinese hamster V-79 fibroblasts after irradiation with 10 MeV electrons in a dose range up to 12 Gy and 60Co γ-radiation. Chemical dosimeters FBX and Fricke were used as additional test-systems. The depth dose curves were measured and the maximum dose depth of the electron beam was determined in tissue-equivalent phantoms. Cell survival and the data of chemical dosimetric systems showed that the effects of electron irradiation did not differ from that of 60Co γ-radiation. It was concluded that the use of Novac-11 in the therapy of animals with spontaneous neoplasms is advisable.

Cytostatic Activity of Combretastatin A-4 Derivatives in an In Vitro System.

Cytostatic activity of combretastatin A-4, its 11 analogues, and paclitaxel (Taxacad) was evaluated in vitro on human tumor cells A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and PC-3 (prostate adenocarcinoma) in order to find the active and stable compound as a promising antitumor agent. 5-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-isoxazole (compound 123124) and 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-isoxazole (compound 29310186) demonstrated the highest cytostatic activity (IC50≈8×10-9 М). The activity of two other cytotoxic compounds (2E)-1-(7-methoxy-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (compound 104815) and 4-(3-amino-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole hydrochloride (compound 198732) was close to that of Taxacad: IC50 65×10-9 and 80×10-9 М, respectively, and are also promising active components for the development of antitumor drugs.

Experimental Study of the Efficacy of Sodium Deoxyribonucleate Used in Combination with Co-Transplantation of Mesenchymal and Hematopoietic Stem Cells after Exposure to γ-Radiation.

We studied the possibility of using sodium deoxyribonucleate (Derinat) for improving the efficiency of co-transplantation of mesenchymal (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to female F1(CBA×C57BL/6) mice with bone marrow aplasia caused by exposure to γ-radiation. It was found that immunomodulator Derinat enhanced the effect of co-transplantation, in particular, triple post-irradiation administration of Derinat accelerated hematopoiesis recovery judging from the parameters of peripheral blood, total cellularity of the bone marrow and spleen, and animal survival. Single or double administration of Derinat prior to irradiation was ineffective. The optimal result was obtained when the following scheme was applied: MSC→HSC with an interval of 48 h starting during the first hours after irradiation and triple administration of Derinat (in 10-15 min, 3 and 7 days after irradiation) in a dose of 3 mg/mouse.

Challenges Faced by Clinicians in the Personalized Treatment Planning: A Literature Review and the First Results of the Russian National Cancer Program.

Advances in cancer molecular profiling have enabled the development of more effective approaches to the diagnosis and personalized treatment of tumors. However, treatment planning has become more labor intensive, requiring hours or even days of clinician effort to optimize an individual patient case in a trial-and-error manner. Lessons learned from the world cancer programs provide insights into ways to develop approaches for the treatment strategy definition which can be introduced into clinical practice. This article highlights the variety of breakthroughs in patients' cancer treatment and some challenges that this field faces now in Russia. In this report, we consider the key characteristics for planning an optimal clinical treatment regimen and which should be included in the algorithm of clinical decision support systems. We discuss the perspectives of implementing artificial intelligence-based systems in cancer treatment planning in Russia.

Specific Cytotoxicity of Targeted 177Lu and 212Pb-Based Radiopharmaceuticals.

Two radiopharmaceutical preparations were developed on the basis of artificial targeted polypeptide ZHER2 specific to HER2/neu tumor marker and radionuclides 177Lu (ZHER2-HSA-chelator-177Lu) or 212Pb (ZHER2-HSA-chelator-212Pb). The objective was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic activity of the targeted radiopharmaceuticals using two cultured human breast cancer cell lines with different expression of HER2/neu: SK-BR3 (high expression of HER2/neu) and MCF-7 (low expression of HER2/neu). It was shown that the cytotoxic effect of both preparations was significantly higher against the SK-BR-3 cells. The cytotoxicity correlated with the incubation period (it was higher after 72 h than after 24 h) and was significantly more pronounced in comparison with activity of radionuclide salts without a specific ligand. In vivo preclinical study of these pharmaceuticals seems to be very promising in animals with xenografted tumors showing high expression of HER2/neu marker.

Antioxidant Properties of a Nanostructured Clathrate Complex Selenopyran with ß-Cyclodextrin in Model Systems of Oxidative Stress.

We studied the effect of nanostructured clathrate complex 9-phenyl-symm-octahydoselenoxanthene (selenopyran) with ß-cyclodextrin on the generation of ОН· radicals in the Fenton system and parameters of oxidative stress in rat liver cells incubated at 37°Ð¡ for 1 h. The complex inhibits the development of free-radical oxidative processes induced by ROS and the most toxic ОН· radicals, reduces the increased level of ROS induced by prooxidants, and exhibits antioxidant activity.

Biodistribution of 68Ga-NODA-Aminoglucose in Intact and Tumor-Bearing Mice.

We studied the biodistribution of 68Ga-NODA-aminoglucose (68Ga-NODA-AG) in normal mice and mice with experimental model of colon adenocarcinoma tumor. It was shown that 68Ga-NODA-aminoglucose was retained in the tumor for 3 h after injection and demonstrated high level of accumulation in the tumor. Rapid clearance of radioactivity from other organs was observed. The results suggest that 68Ga-NODA-aminoglucose is a promising agent for tumor visualization by positron emission tomography.

Evaluation of the Association of rs4680 COMT Polymorphism and Clinical Parameters of the Tumor in Colorectal Cancer (a Pilot Study).

We analyzed association of rs4680 polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene with clinical parameters of the tumor in patients with colorectal cancer (n=100). Based on the classification of the tumor according to the TNM system, groups were formed taking into account the size and spreading of the primary tumor (T1+T2 vs Т3+Т4) and the presence of regional (N0 vs N1) and distant metastases (M0 vs M1). An association of the AA genotype with an almost 7-fold increased capacity for invasive tumor growth was found (p<0.05; according to recessive (AA vs GG+GA) and codominant (AA vs GG) inheritance models). A positive relationship of minor allele A with increased malignancy of tumor cells was revealed at the trend level. No significant associations with either regional or distant metastasis were found.

A Comparative Study of the Pharmacokinetics of Bis- and Pentaphosphonic Acids Labeled with Gallium-68 in Rats with Experimental Model of Bone Callus.

We analyzed biodistribution of 68Ga-labeled hydroxyethylidenediphosphonic acid (68Ga-HEDP) and diethylenetriaminepentakis(methylenephosphonic acid) (68Ga-DTPMP) in Wistar rats with experimental model of bone callus. It was shown that the content of 68Ga-DTPMP and 68Ga-HEDP in bone callus was ~1.5-fold higher than in intact femur. 68Ga-DTPMP was characterized by higher stability in vivo, higher uptake in the bone tissue, and lower uptake in others visceral organs in comparison with 68Ga-HEDP. Thus, 68Ga-DTPMP had more suitable pharmacokinetic properties than 68Ga-HEDP.

[Biomarkers of prostate cancer sensitivity to the Sendai virus].

Metastatic prostate cancer is often associated with either primary or intractable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), thus justifying the search for entirely new ways of treatment. Oncolytic viruses are able to selectively induce the death of tumor cells without affecting normal cells. A murine Sendai virus has potential to be used as an oncolytic agent. However, tumors vary in their sensitivity to different viruses, prompting us to attempt to identify corresponding biomarkers that reflect the interaction of cancer cells and the virus. Here, we show that the sensitivity of primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines to Sendai virus strain (SeVM) vary substantially. Using quantitative PCR, we evaluated expression levels of genes that encode RIG-1-like and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cell lines and showed that the levels of mRNAs that encode TLR3 and TLR7 correlate with a degree of sensitivity of the cells to Sendai virus. The lines with lower levels of TLR3 and TLR7 expression are more sensitive to the virus.

[Frequent allelic losses in tumor-associated stromal cells and tumor epitelium of prostate cancer].

It has become increasingly clear that tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. Accumulation of genetic alterations is typical not only for cancer epithelial cells but tumor-associated fibroblasts as well. Tumor epithelia, tumor-associated stroma from prostatectomy specimens of patients with prostate cancer and cells from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and adjacent stroma from males with PIN were isolated by using laser capture microdissection. Microsatellite allelotyping was evaluated using 4 highly polymorphic markers for chromosomal regions 8p22, 16q23-24 and 13q14. Incidences of alterations (loss of heterozygosity or allelic imbalance) were 48% for region 8p22, 72% for 16q23 and 37% for 13q14. The LOH frequencies in tumor-associated stroma cells were very similar. Alterations at chromosome 13q were significantly associated with advanced tumor stage, whereas AI at 16q was also associated with high Gleason score and lymph node metastasis. We find some incidences of allelic imbalance in premalignant lesions in epithelial (16-27%) and stromal (7-22%) components. Our results show that the frequencies of genetic aberrations are as high in stromal cells as in tumor cells.

[Abberant methylation of p16, HIC1, N33 and GSTP1 genes in tumor epitelium and tumor-associated stromal cells of prostate cancer].

The methylation status of four genes significant in prostate carcinogenesis p16, HIC1, N33 and GSTP1, were evaluated using quantitative methylationsensitive polymerase chain reaction. Tumor epithelia, tumor-associated stroma, normal epithelia, foci of PIN and benign prostate hyperplasia, and stroma adjacent to tumor tissues were isolated from whole-mount prostatectomy specimens of patients with localized prostate cancer by using laser capture microdissection. We found high levels of gene methylation in the tumor epithelium and tumor-associated stromal cells and some methylation in both hyperplastic epithelium and stromal cells in normal-appearing tissues located adjacent to tumors. Promoter methylation in the non-neoplastic cells of the prostate tumor microenvironment may play an important role in cancer development and progression. We examined the promoter methylation status of pl6, HIC1, N33 and GSTP1 in prostate biopsy fragments and prostate tissues after radical prostatectomy from patients with adenocarcinoma without laser capture microdissection. Methylation frequencies of all genes in tumor samples were considerably lower than frequencies in microdissected tumour samples (HIC1, 71 versus 89%; p16, 22 versus 78%; GSTP1, 32 versus 100%; N33, 20 versus 33%). The laser capture microdissection is required procedure in methylation studies taking into account multifocality and heterogenity of prostate cancer tissue.