RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The triad "insulin resistance, prediabetes, diabetes" is three independent neologies with characteristic features and development. In addition, each are characterized by progression and the possibility of transition from one form to other. Due to the fact that diabetes is one of the common diseases associated with high rates of disability, it is necessary to improve diagnostic methods and educational regimens for successful prevention and treatment of the disease. OBJECTIVE: We investigated Band 3 protein (B3p) level, osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of blood serum, level of HbA1 in group patients with insulin resistance (IR), prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and comparative with health control group. METHODS: We used original, accurate research methods that measure the essence of the studied quantities. RESULTS: Disruptions of glucose and insulin homeostasis ay lead to the initiation of oxidative stress (in our study demonstrated by a decrease of TAA of blood serum) increased redox-sensitive PTP activity and aberrant band 3 phosphorylation, potentially leading to reduced erythrocyte deformability. At the same time glycation of Hb during T2DM may affect its cross-link with membrane proteins, in particular with B3p, and although appears to limit its cross-linking and decrease its clusterization ability, induces alterations in the cytoskeletal matrix, and thereby decrease erythrocytes' osmotic resistance making them more susceptible to hemolysis. CONCLUSIONS: The osmotic resistance of the erythrocytes can be used as a sensitive marker for the detection of the early stages of hyperglycemia (prediabetes). This set of clinical trials will make it possible to identify diseases that make up the triad at an early stage. Early detection of disorders and continued research in this direction will help in the development of a diagnostic scheme for the prevention of such patients. Based on our data, research into anti-oxidation drugs is very important. With the help of the array of studies described in the article and antioxidant treatment, the likelihood of successful treatment will increase.
RESUMO
In order to assess the possibility of using liposomes to stabilize various antioxidant compounds, we investigated the effect of liposomes (1,2-palmitoyl-phosphatidic acid (DPPA) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)) on the effectiveness of antioxidants, hydrophilic vitamin C and lipophilic vitamin E, in model systems of normal epithelial MDCK cells and tumor Jurkat T cells. The effect of vitamins C, E and (C + E) in combination with DPPC and DPPA liposomes on Jurkat and MDCK cells depends on the dissolution or integration of these liposomes with hydrophobic sections of the cellular membrane, as well as the subsequent release of vitamins from liposomes. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the studied liposomes can modulate the effects of C and E vitamins on normal and tumor cells. These data can be used to study the possible selective regulation of the activity of various hydrophobic and hydrophilic antioxidants on normal and tumor cells, which is especially important for creating antitumor drugs, as well as effective radioprotectors that protect healthy tissues from radiation damage during radiotherapy.
