The influence of heteroatoms on the circularly polarized luminescence performance of [7]helicene derivatives: aromatic vs. non-aromatic five-membered rings.

Helicenes are promising candidates for circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials, although the performance is poor due to the unsatisfactory dissymmetric factor (glum) and fluorescence quantum efficiency (ΦF). Herein, the influence of heteroatoms (C, Si, Ge, O, S and Se) on the electronic structures and chiroptical properties of [7]helicene derivatives is systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations combined with the thermal vibration correlation function theory. The results reveal that the non-radiative energy consumption processes for helicene systems are closely related to the variation of bond length upon electronic excitation. Moreover, by introducing five-membered rings and heteroatoms, the dipole-forbidden S1 → S0 emission of [7]helicene changes to dipole-allowed transition due to the rearrangement of occupied orbitals and lifting of the nearly degenerate orbitals, resulting in an enhancement of ΦF. As the heteroatomic radius increases, ΦF decreases while the glum increases. Compared with the derivatives containing aromatic five-membered rings ([7]H-O, [7]H-S, and [7]H-Se), the non-aromatic counterparts ([7]H-C, [7]H-Si, and [7]H-Ge) exhibit a balance in ΦF and glum values. The present study helps to clarify the relationship between structures and chiroptical properties and offers a feasible strategy for the future design of helicene-based CPL materials.

Regulated Zn Plating and Stripping by a Multifunctional Polymer-Alloy Interphase Layer for Stable Zn Metal Anode.

Metallic zinc electrode with a high theoretical capacity of 820 mAh g-1 is highly considered as a promising candidate for next-generation rechargeable batteries. However, the unavoidable hydrogen evolution, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and severe passivation reaction badly hinder its practical implementations. Herein, a robust polymer-alloy artificial protective layer is designed to realize dendrite-free Zn metal anode by the integration of zincophilic SnSb nanoparticles with Nafion. In comparison to the bare Zn electrode, the Nafion-SnSb coated Zn (NFSS@Zn) electrode exhibits lower nucleation energy barrier, more uniform electric field distribution and stronger anti-corrosion capability, thus availably suppressing the Zn dendrite growth and interfacial side reactions. As a consequence, the NFSS@Zn electrode exhibits a long cycle life over 1500 h at 1 mA cm-2 with an ultra-low voltage hysteresis (25 mV). Meanwhile, when paired with a MnO2 cathode, the as-prepared full cell also demonstrates stable performance for 1000 cycles at 3 A g-1 . This work provides an inspired approach to boost the performance of Zn anodes.

Space-Charging Interfacial Layer by Illumination for Efficient Sb2S3 Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage.

Solution-processed material systems for effective photovoltaic conversion are the key to low-cost and efficient solar cells. While antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is a promising photovoltaic absorber, solution-processed quality Sb2S3-based heterojunction systems for solar cells, particularly with an open-circuit voltage (Voc) higher than 0.70 V, are challenging issues. Here, a cadmium sulfide (CdS) interfacial engineering method is developed for the Sb2S3-based bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with an efficiency of 6.14% and a Voc up to 0.76 V that is the highest one among solution-processed Sb2S3 solar cells. The prepared Sb2S3-based BHJ solar cells feature a Sb2S3 nanoparticle film interdigitated by a titania (TiO2) nanorod array with a nanostructured CdS shell as an interfacial layer on each TiO2 nanorod core. Upon understanding the interfacial interactions and band alignments in the TiO2-CdS-Sb2S3 system, the function of the CdS interfacial layer as a band-bended spatial spacer interacting strongly with both the TiO2 electron transporter and Sb2S3 absorber for increasing charge collecting efficiency is revealed; moreover, space-charging the band-bended CdS layer by illumination is found and a photogenerated interfacial dipole electric field model is proposed for understanding the high Voc subjected to the presence of the CdS interfacial layer. This work provides a conceptual guide for designing efficient inorganic heterojunction solar cells.

On-Surface Synthesis of Self-Assembled Covalently Linked Wavy Chains with Site-Selective Conformational Switching.

Conformational arrangements in polymers on surfaces determine the overall shape as well as the potential properties. It is generally believed that conformational diversity leads to uncontrollable or disordered structures in on-surface synthesis. However, in this study, we obtain two well-ordered self-assembled covalently linked wavy chains with site-selective conformational switching via the Ullmann reaction of 1,2-bis(3-bromophenyl)ethane with multiple conformations on Ag(111). Two kinds of wavy chains exhibit distinct conformational arrangements, where chain I contains one repeating unit conformation of -cis-trans1-cis-trans1-cis-cis-trans1-, while the adjacent parallel parts in wavy chain II have two different conformational arrangements of -cis-cis-trans1- and -cis-cis-trans2-. Wavy chains coassemble with dissociated bromine atoms, suggesting that the Br···H-C interactions between Br atoms and molecular chains are crucial for the construction of ordered wavy chains. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy is employed to reveal the surface reaction process at the molecular scale. In depth growth mechanism analysis combined with density functional theory calculations unveils that the substrate also plays an important role in the fabrication of well-ordered wavy chains. The present work extends the surface reaction of conformational flexible precursors.

Holistically Optimizing Charge Carrier Dynamics Enables High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Photodetectors.

Charge carrier events across organic electronics are ubiquitous, and the derived optimization plays a crucial effect on improving the performance of organic electronics. Herein, a two-dimensional material (Ti3C2Tx) is incorporated into titanium dioxide (TiO2) to impart the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid film enriched hydroxy group distribution, defect-negligible surface, upshifted work function, and enhanced conductivity yet electron mobility versus the pristine TiO2 film. Therefore, intensified photon-harvesting ability, reduced charge carrier recombination, and efficient charge carrier collection are realized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid photoanode relative to control ones. Consequently, the modified DSSCs based on Z907 deliver superior efficiencies of 10.39 and 29.68% under 100 mW/cm2 illumination and ∼1.9 mW/cm2 dim light, respectively, being the highest values of Z907-based DSSCs. However, control devices only obtain lower efficiencies of 8.06 and 23.91% when undergoing the abovementioned illumination. On the other hand, the self-powered homologous photodetectors with the hybrid film as an electron-transporting layer present enhanced detectivity (1.69 × 1011 Jones) and a shortened responsivity of 0.26 s versus that of control ones (1.39 × 1011 Jones and 0.35 s). Our work implies that the Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 hybrid film features high potential for improving the performance of organic electronics for its effect of holistically optimizing charge carrier dynamics.

Legal Instructional Design by Deep Learning Theory Under the Background of Educational Psychology.

This work aims to reform legal teaching in Colleges and Universities (CAUs) and improve law students' comprehensive quality. In the context of Educational Psychology (EPSY) research, Deep Learning (DL) theory is integrated into legal instructional design (ID). Following a theoretical review of EPSY and DL, the current situation and problems of college legal teaching are understood based on the Law School in a University in Shanghai through auditing, communication, and investigation methods. The theoretical research results are integrated into the ID. The teaching content is divided into language information module, wisdom skills module, cognitive module, action skills module, and attitude module. Each module is divided into three teaching methods, and all teaching methods are combined into the proposed legal ID. Finally, the proposed legal ID is applied in the legal classroom of the Law School in a University in Shanghai. Overall, seventy students are recruited and grouped into Class A (experimental group) and Class B (control group). Class A uses the proposed legal ID, and Class B does not. The scores of Classes A and B are compared. After a semester, the average score of Class A has increased from 68 to 71.11 points. The covariance has decreased from 61.66 to 51.42. When the confidence level is set to 0.95, the confidence interval of class A has increased from 65.26-70.74 to 68.62-73.61. By comparison, the average score of Class B dropped from 68.14 to 68.11 points. The covariance has decreased from 60.24 to 41.76. When the confidence level is set to 0.95, the confidence interval of class B has changed from 65.44-70.85 to 65.86-70.37, without significant improvement. Therefore, the proposed legal ID based on DL theory is scientific and effective. This work has certain reference significance for optimizing the ID of CAUs and improving the comprehensive quality of college-student talents.

Magnetic Moment Preservation and Emergent Kondo Resonance of Co-Phthalocyanine on Semimetallic Sb(111).

Magnetic molecules on surfaces have been widely investigated to reveal delicate interfacial couplings and for potential technological applications. In these endeavors, one prevailing challenge is how to preserve or recover the molecular spins, especially on highly metallic substrates that can readily quench the magnetic moments of the admolecules. Here, we use scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to exploit the semimetallic nature of antimony and observe, surprisingly yet pleasantly, that the spin of Co-phthalocyanine is well preserved on Sb(111), as unambiguously evidenced by the emergent strong Kondo resonance across the molecule. Our first-principles calculations further confirm that the optimal density of states near the Fermi level of the semimetal is a decisive factor, weakening the overall interfacial coupling, while still ensuring sufficiently effective electron-spin scattering in the many-body system. Beyond isolated admolecules, we discover that each of the magnetic moments in a molecular dimer or a densely packed island is distinctly preserved as well, rendering such molecular magnets immense potentials for ultrahigh density memory devices.

Perovskite Solar Cells Employing a PbSO4(PbO)4 Quantum Dot-Doped Spiro-OMeTAD Hole Transport Layer with an Efficiency over 22.

2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), the most widely used hole transport material in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), still has serious defects, such as moisture absorption and poor long-term conductivity, which seriously restrict further improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the cell. Herein, to overcome these problems, inorganic salt PbSO4(PbO)4 quantum dots (QDs) are incorporated into spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport layer (HTL) for the first time. The incorporated PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs significantly hinder the agglomeration of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide and improve the long-term conductivity through the oxidative interaction between PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs and spiro-OMeTAD and hydrophobicity of the HTL. Furthermore, the spiro-OMeTAD:PbSO4(PbO)4 composite film can effectively passivate perovskite defects at the perovskite/HTL interface, resulting in suppressed interfacial recombination. As a result, the PSC based on the spiro-OMeTAD:PbSO4(PbO)4 HTL shows an improved PCE of 22.66%, which is much higher than that (18.89%) of the control device. PbSO4(PbO)4 also significantly improves the moisture stability for 50 days at room temperature (at RH ∼ 40-50%) without encapsulation. This work indicates that inorganic PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs are crucial materials that can be employed as an additive in spiro-OMeTAD to enhance the efficiency and stability of PSCs.

Efficient Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Simple Non-Fused Electron Donors with Low Synthetic Complexity.

Fused-ring electron donors boost the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs), but they suffer from high cost and low yield for their large synthetic complexity (SC > 30%). Herein, the authors develop a series of simple non-fused-ring electron donors, PF1 and PF2, which alternately consist of furan-3-carboxylate and 2,2'-bithiophene. Note that PF1 and PF2 present very small SC of 9.7% for their inexpensive raw materials, facile synthesis, and high synthetic yield. Compared to their all-thiophene-backbone counterpart PT-E, two new polymers feature larger conjugated plane, resulting in higher hole mobility for them, especially a value up to ≈10-4 cm2 V-1 ·s for PF2 with longer alkyl side chain. Meanwhile, PF1 and PF2 exhibit larger dielectric constant and deeper electronic energy level versus PT-E. Benefiting from the better physicochemical properties, the efficiencies of PF1- and PF2-based devices are improved by ≈16.7% and ≈71.3% relative to that PT-E-based devices, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized PF2-based devices with introducing PC71 BM as the third component deliver a higher efficiency of 12.40%. The work not only indicates that furan-3-carboxylate is a simple yet efficient building block for constructing non-fused-ring polymers but also provides a promising electron donor PF2 for the low-cost production of OSCs.

Dynamics and kinetics of the Si(1D) + H2/D2 reactions on a new global ab initio potential energy surface.

Recent studies on the exothermic complex-forming reactions have improved our understanding of complex-forming reactions greatly, however, so far a similar level of study on endothermic ones has been rather limited. In this work, the endothermic complex-forming reaction Si(1D) + H2 → SiH + H and its deuterated isotopic variant are investigated by quantum dynamics (QD) and ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) calculations on a new global ab initio potential energy surface (PES) for the ground electronic state, which is constructed based on 8996 symmetry unique points computed at the icMRCI+Q/aug-cc-pVQZ level. The PES reproduces our ab initio data very well in the dynamically important regions, on which the ro-vibrational energy levels of SiH2 are calculated and general good agreement with experiment is obtained. The integral cross sections and product angular and state distributions are computed in a wide range of collision energies, and interesting dynamics behaviors are revealed. The rate coefficients are also investigated, which display an exponential rise from 2.09 × 10-20 to 6.00 × 10-12 cm3 s-1 for the Si(1D) + H2 reaction as the temperature increases from 300 to 1500 K, in contrast to the nearly temperature-independent behavior of exothermic complex-forming reactions. In addition, the applicability of the RPMD approach is demonstrated, and the kinetic isotope effect is investigated, the ratio of which decreases from 7.89 (300 K) to 1.70 (1500 K). The effects of tunneling and initial rotational excitation are also discussed.

Human Body Mixed Motion Pattern Recognition Method Based on Multi-Source Feature Parameter Fusion.

Aiming at the requirement of rapid recognition of the wearer's gait stage in the process of intelligent hybrid control of an exoskeleton, this paper studies the human body mixed motion pattern recognition technology based on multi-source feature parameters. We obtain information on human lower extremity acceleration and plantar analyze the relationship between these parameters and gait cycle studying the motion state recognition method based on feature evaluation and neural network. Based on the actual requirements of exoskeleton per use, 15 common gait patterns were determined. Using this, the studies were carried out on the time domain, frequency domain, and energy feature extraction of multi-source lower extremity motion information. The distance-based feature screening method was used to extract the optimal features. Finally, based on the multi-layer BP (back propagation) neural network, a nonlinear mapping model between feature quantity and motion state was established. The experimental results showed that the recognition accuracy in single motion mode can reach up to 98.28%, while the recognition accuracy of the two groups of experiments in mixed motion mode was found to be 92.7% and 97.4%, respectively. The feasibility and effectiveness of the model were verified.

First-principles study on sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of methanol adsorbed on TiO2(110) surface: Effects of substrate and molecular coverages.

In this work, starting from the general theory of sum-frequency generation (SFG), we proposed a computational strategy utilizing density functional theory with periodic boundary conditions to simulate the vibrational SFG of molecules/solid surface adsorption system. The method has been applied to the CH3OH/TiO2(110) system successfully. Compared with the isolated molecule model, our theoretical calculations showed that the TiO2 substrate can significantly alter the second-order susceptibilities of a methanol molecule which is directly related to the SFG intensity. In addition, the SFG spectra have obvious changes while the methanol coverage increases, especially for the OH vibration peaks. Our theoretical spectra agree reasonably well with experimental measurements at 1 ML coverage, and an interesting peak which is absent in the theoretical spectra is tentatively assigned to some CH3 stretch vibration of methanol adsorbed on the oxygen vacancy of TiO2.

Spectral Characterization of Three-Electron Two-Center (3e-2c) Bonds of Gaseous CH3S∴S(H)CH3 and (CH3SH)2+ and Enhancement of the 3e-2c Bond upon Protonation.

The three-electron two-center (3e-2c) bond plays an important role in structures and electron communication in biological systems involving cationic sulfur compounds. Although the nature of 3e-2c bonds and their theoretical formalism have attracted great interest, direct spectral identifications of 3e-2c-bound molecules are scarce. We observed the infrared spectra of the weakly 3e-2c-bound CH3S∴S(H)CH3 and the strongly 3e-2c-bound (CH3SH)2+ in a supersonic jet using infrared (IR) dissociation with vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization and time-of-flight detection. Protonation of CH3S∴S(H)CH3 to form [CH3(H)S∴S(H)CH3]+ significantly enhances the 3e-2c bond, characterized by a large red shift of the SH-stretching band with enhanced IR intensity, shortening of the calculated S-S distance from 3.00 to 2.86 Å, and a dissociation energy increased from ∼23 to 162 kJ mol-1.

Reversible light-mediated compositional and structural transitions between CsPbBr3 and CsPb2Br5 nanosheets.

This communication describes a new method to achieve reversible light-induced chemical composition and phase structural transitions from polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped orthorhombic CsPbBr3 to tetragonal CsPb2Br5 nanosheets or vice versa. This work will deepen our understanding of the controlled synthesis, post-processing, and decomposition pathway of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals.

Vibrational autoionization of state-selective jet-cooled methanethiol (CH3SH) investigated with infrared + vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization.

Vibrational autoionization of Rydberg states provides key information about nonadiabatic processes above an ionization threshold. We employed time-of-flight mass detection of CH3SH+ to record vibrational-state selective photo-ionization efficiency (PIE) spectra of jet-cooled methanethiol (CH3SH) on exciting CH3SH to a specific vibrationally excited state with an infrared (IR) laser, followed by excitation with a tunable laser in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) region for ionization. Autoionizing Rydberg states assigned to the ns, np, nd and nf series are identified. When IR light at 2601 (ν3, SH stretching mode) and 2948 cm-1 (ν2, CH3 symmetric stretching mode) was employed, the Rydberg series converged to the respective vibrationally excited (ν3 and ν2) states of CH3SH+. When IR light at 3014 cm-1 (overlapped ν1/ν9, CH3 antisymmetric stretching and CH2 antisymmetric stretching modes) was employed, Rydberg series converging to two vibrationally excited states (ν1 and ν9) of CH3SH+ were observed. When IR light at 2867 cm-1 (2ν10, overtone of CH3 deformation mode) and 2892 cm-1 (2ν4, overtone of CH2 scissoring mode) was employed, both Δν = -1 and Δν = -2 ionization transitions were observed; there is evidence for direct ionization from the initial state into the CH3SH+ (ν4+ = 1) continuum. In all observed IR-VUV-PIE spectra, the ns and nd series show intensity greater than the other Rydberg series, which is consistent with the fact that the highest-occupied molecular orbital of CH3SH is a p-like lone pair orbital on the S atom. The quantum yields for autoionization of various vibrational excited states are discussed. Values of ν1 = 3035, ν2 = 2884, ν3 = 2514, and ν9 = 2936 cm-1 for CH3SH+ derived from the converged limits agree satisfactorily with values observed for Ar-tagged CH3SH+ at 3026, 2879, 2502, and 2933 cm-1.

Dynamical importance of van der Waals saddle and excited potential surface in C(1D)+D2 complex-forming reaction.

Encouraged by recent advances in revealing significant effects of van der Waals wells on reaction dynamics, many people assume that van der Waals wells are inevitable in chemical reactions. Here we find that the weak long-range forces cause van der Waals saddles in the prototypical C(1D)+D2 complex-forming reaction that have very different dynamical effects from van der Waals wells at low collision energies. Accurate quantum dynamics calculations on our highly accurate ab initio potential energy surfaces with van der Waals saddles yield cross-sections in close agreement with crossed-beam experiments, whereas the same calculations on an earlier surface with van der Waals wells produce much smaller cross-sections at low energies. Further trajectory calculations reveal that the van der Waals saddle leads to a torsion then sideways insertion reaction mechanism, whereas the well suppresses reactivity. Quantum diffraction oscillations and sharp resonances are also predicted based on our ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces.

One-pot aqueous synthesis of gadolinium doped CdTe quantum dots with dual imaging modalities.

A facile one-pot strategy has been developed for the aqueous synthesis of Gd doped CdTe (Gd:CdTe) QDs as fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging dual-modal agent. The prepared Gd:CdTe QDs showed narrow size distribution and the average size was less than 5nm. The amount of Gd(3+) dopant in Gd:CdTe QDs significantly affected the optical properties of obtained QDs. The highest PL QY for the prepared Gd:CdTe QDs was up to 42.5%. The QDs showed the weak toxicity and significant enhancement in MRI signal. The specific relaxivity value (r1) was determined to be 4.22mM(-1)s(-1). These properties make the prepared Gd:CdTe QDs be an effective dual-modal imaging agent and have great potential applications in biomedical field.

Quantum mechanical differential and integral cross sections for the C((1)D) + H2(ν = 0, j = 0) → CH(ν', j') + H reaction.

Accurate quantum dynamics calculations for the C((1)D) + H2 reaction are performed using a real wave packet approach with full Coriolis coupling. The newly constructed ZMB-a ab initio potential energy surface [Zhang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 234301 (2014)] is used. The integral cross sections (ICSs), differential cross sections (DCSs), and product state distributions are obtained over a wide range of collision energies. In contrast to previous accurate quantum dynamics calculations on the reproducing kernel Hilbert space potential energy surface, the present total ICS is much larger at low collision energies, yielding larger rate coefficients in better agreement with experiment and with slight inverse temperature dependence. Meanwhile, interesting nonstatistical behaviors in the DCSs are revealed. In particular, the DCSs display strong oscillations with the collision energy; forward biased product angular distribution appears when only small J partial wave contributions are included; alternate forward and backward biases emerge with very small increments of collision energy; and the rotational state-resolved DCSs show strong oscillations with the scattering angle. Nevertheless, the total DCSs can be roughly regarded as backward-forward symmetric over the whole energy range and are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental measurements.

Global analytical ab initio ground-state potential energy surface for the C((1)D)+H2 reactive system.

A new global ab initio potential energy surface (called ZMB-a) for the 1(1)A' state of the C((1)D)+H2 reactive system has been constructed. This is based upon ab initio calculations using the internally contracted multireference configuration interaction approach with the aug-cc-pVQZ basis set, performed at about 6300 symmetry unique geometries. Accurate analytical fits are generated using many-body expansions with the permutationally invariant polynomials, except that the fit of the deep well region is taken from our previous fit. The ZMB-a surface is unique in the accurate description of the regions around conical intersections (CIs) and of van der Waals (vdW) interactions. The CIs between the 1(1)A' and 2(1)A' states cause two kinds of barriers on the ZMB-a surface: one is in the linear H-CH dissociation direction with a barrier height of 9.07 kcal/mol, which is much higher than those on the surfaces reported before; the other is in the C((1)D) collinearly attacking H2 direction with a barrier height of 12.39 kcal/mol. The ZMB-a surface basically reproduces our ab initio calculations in the vdW interaction regions, and supports a linear C-HH vdW complex in the entrance channel, and two vdW complexes in the exit channel, at linear CH-H and HC-H geometries, respectively.

Innovative provisional stenting approach to treat coronary bifurcation lesions: balloon-stent kissing technique.

BACKGROUND: Adverse cardiac event rates are higher for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of bifurcation lesions. Currently, provisional stenting or a simple stenting strategy is the standard treatment for bifurcated lesions, but its performance remains limited because of a risk of side-branch (SB) closure and a higher rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR). We report a new provisional side-branch stenting strategy to treat coronary bifurcation lesions using a "balloon-stent kissing" technique (BSKT). METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2012, a total of 60 patients with 60 bifurcation lesions underwent PCI using BSKT. Baseline and postprocedural quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) analyses were performed. Procedural and immediate clinical outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS: The majority of patients presented with acute coronary syndrome (98%) and had true bifurcation lesions (98%). TIMI-3 flow was established in 100% of the main branch and SB lesions. QCA revealed preservation of the bifurcation angle after PCI (pre PCI, 57.0 ± 16.3; post PCI, 60.5 ± 16.1; P=.24). Five patients (8%) had lesions that required rewiring and 2 patients (3%) required provisional stenting of the SB. No SB loss occurred during PCI. No patient had a periprocedural myocardial infarction, nor was the balloon or wire entrapped during any PCI. CONCLUSIONS: As a new coronary bifurcation provisional stenting method, the BSKT is associated with a high procedural success rate, improved SB patency, and a low rate of immediate cardiac events.